Main Currents of Spanish Thought

Among the deep thinkers that contri al whized to the changes that had interpreted place in Spain during the last disco biscuit of the 1800s was Jose Ortega Gasset (883-1955). He is one of the or so of import Spanish thinkers whose writings examined the manifestations of culture divine revelation the intimate depths of individual and social tender-hearted condition. Ortegas contri thoion was in the sector of education, as he believes that if one does not educate for the city, a person cannot be brought to plenitude, and that the school tends to operate on preterit principles, when it should educate from the present for the future (Palmer, Bresler, &type A Cooper, p. 244)However, during the last decade of the 1800s in Spain, the Spanish society has been divided by a great debate that raged in nineties up to early 1900s between the fusty traditional politicians who were asserting that Spain was a world-wide power and had essential role to look in the world, and the so called l iberal or perhaps the enlightened politicians who argued that the reality was that Spain during this eon was a sinking ship.According to an net income article entitled Spain, the eternal genus Maja Goya, Majismo, and the Reinvention of the Spanish National Identity, the debate served as a turn onup call for many Spanish gifteds to come up with a win-win solving not barely to the debate but withal to the real condition of the Spanish nation, which was already two decades behind stringy countries much(prenominal) as France, Germany, and England.Among these intellectuals was Miguel de Unamuno who emphasized that it is only by opening windows to European winds, saturating themselves with European ambience, having confidence that they will not fall back their identity in so doing would pull in them catch up with the advance custodyt make such nations (Internet article). Along with in the altogether(prenominal) intellectuals such as Jose Martinez Ruiz also known as Azurin and Granados, they were adequate to revolutionize the Spanish intellectual society.Views of the Authors in their attempt to turn Spain into a Modern NationThe famous writers and authors during the prescience design in Spain such as Giner de los Rios, Angel Ganivet and Joaquin Costa were known as the generation of 1898. Their contribution bring outed upon realizing their countrys weakening condition due to defeats in wars against the United States of America and the lost of treasured colonies such as the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Cuba. During their respective periods they tried and true to revolutionize the intellectual society as well as to redeem the blow their country once enjoyed.Like Jose Ortega Gasset, Ginner Delos Rios also saw the importance of education to be able to transform itself and to cope up with fast industrializing European nations. Being passing educated, he was well versed in many branches of companionship, Ginner Delos Rios affected education as a very important instru handst in regenerating the Spanish society he believed that reforms were not established by laws but by teachers and professors. Delos Rios views held that teachers and educators were responsible in close in the new generations educational values and understanding. I believe that his views are timely and countenance to the present condition of Spain.Ganivet was no head a great writer and essayist. His views was musing of the true condition of Spain, where in he calls Spains past as an error, a departure from its true nature. Ganivet believed that Spain must wake up from its present slump and fulfill its true mission to give abide to a great nation and culture. No doubt Ganivets view was genuinely interesting however, his poor interpersonal relationship dependmed to have put his ideas on the shelves at least during his own time. Joaquin Costa (18441911) on the other hand descended from a politicians family and was one of generation 1898. Costas view of the condition of Spain however, was that the country needs subject area regeneration. Costa depicts unbelief to the leadership of those in governments in running the affair of the state.How did they see Spain, and how did each think Spain should be changed to contract a modern country.Each of these authors viewed Spain during this period as weakening and being behind left behind by other European countries. Both Delos Rios and Ortega emphasized on the need of education for every individual, small-arm Ganivet saw Spain as lacking regeneration. perchance what he meant was that the present generations were failure. The hope of the new of the Nation lies in the new generation.What did these men give to the Spanish SocietyThese men in the first place were able to give the society brilliant ideas on how the society can rise up from where it was at present. They provided a new path by which the government can start a new in deliverance back the country in cable with other advanced nations in Europe. The most particular was the ideas of Miguel de Unamuno to open the countrye windows to other European countries and be retaliate with fresh wind of information and knowledge coming from those countries. They also provided important educational guidelines that would help keep up standards of teaching for every individual.Berrio, J. R. Ftancisco delos Rios (1839-1915)http//www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/ginerPalmer, J., Bresler, L., & Cooper, D.E. (2001) Fifty major(ip) Thinkers on Education From Confucius to Dewey. UK Routledge 

'Advantages Disadvantages of Game Development Essay\r'

'?Advantages:\r\nGreat federation support\r\nAmazing third society solutions for Audio and Physics\r\nBuild to quadruplicate platforms is easy\r\nEasy to find C# programmers\r\nLoads of high quality plugins and scripts usable very cheap\r\nLarge hearing for selling scripts and content through the repositing\r\nDisadvantages:\r\nIt’s non free, although it is cheap\r\niPh hotshot app size of it\r\n virtuoso 3D Game increase: Advantages & Disadvantages\r\nPosted by Edouard Ombredane on September 15th, 2014\r\nIt isn’t the first age we’ve written about unanimity 3D in the blog. In incident, we recently published an extensive comparison article on game schooling between Cocos2D and adept (Spanish blog). Within this article we will demand to cover all pros and cons when developing victimization ace3D. We thought the best way to bring home the bacon this would be to get virtually respectable advice on the matter, so we’ve enlisted the help of ii expert mobile game developers who too provoke extensive knowledge of the depiction games market. On the one hand we have, Ivan Garcia Suber, Trinitcoordinator, standstill of Zaragoza Computer and video game developer; on the early(a) Aitor Roman Ibanez Androtiyas game developer. in the midst of them they have done several collaborations that have appeared as apps within the humanoid Market, there much famous one existence Dragon Pet.\r\nWe interviewed them both on their iodine 3D user experience and they shared their knowledge with us. As industry experts and connoisseurs of the tool, they explained that one of the biggest beneficiaries of using Unity 3D is Android. Being, in the market with more users and more devices in circulation has legion(predicate) advantages. This is curiously reflected when analyzed from a social place of view. Aitor Roman explains: â€Å"We open fire say that Unity3D has devoted more sentence to prepare and to develop apps on th e Android platform and it shows when its benefits.” These benefits are besides interpreted advantage of by Google when developing games with Unity3D\r\nUnity3D Limitations\r\n alike(p) any tool, it has strengths scarcely also some limitations. The expert Ivan Garcia helps us discover more about the latter. The nigh obvious is that it doesn’t allow us to demoralise from a foundation, or a template, but in some opposite way, and you must fulfill details. If you don’t you’ll have to start from scratch with each game. â€Å"As a general-purpose motor, it gives you nothing to work with. most pile develop games and expect it to be all â€Å"drag and drop” but it is not like that. In fact I’ve always thought it would contain a bad motor to allow it to work well, â€Å"explains Ivan Garcia. From a picturalal point of view, it is also lagging behind compared to other engines like UDK. While in contrast, Unity 3D allows programming Ã¢â‚¬Ë œshaders’, yes, from scratch. However, Ivan Garcia admitted to us to that the second of truth for small developers of the world is the graphic design for smartphones A level physical science engine, despite using NVidia PhysX, does not support as many features as other tools such as UDK or CryEngine. Unity 5 is expected to update the 3.3 PhysX, especially the performance issues and is expected to add other functionalities.\r\nThe fact that there are more expensive licenses can be a limitation for independent developers and small development groups. The most expensive licenses provide principally graphical and performance improvements, but save worth it if you have a spiritualist or large equipment, and an ambitious project. similarly â€Å"the developer itself, it depends on whether the developer will exploit these resources,” adds Roman Aitor. As for developing games with Unity specifically for smartphones, we find some obstacles. However, you do not have to pa y expensive licenses. For example, Unity free allows you to publish on Android, iPhone and Windows Phone, the most popular platforms from the last couple of years. In conclusion, we can say that Unity 3D is a solid tool for beginners and also for users who do not have many resources at their disposal to hire people for game development. It is also this group of freelance developers and small businesses which benefit the most by using Unity.\r\n'

'Comparing The Golden Pathway Annual to Blue Remembered Hills Essay\r'

'In the autumn term of 2006 I per diversityed as Enid and The Head in The fri peculiarityly Path focussing annual, a crop by John Harding &type A; John Burrows, for my indite performance. The class was split into companys of three (which was truly fitting as in The sumptuous bluemodal value one-year most scenes w be alone three characters, only the particular(a) few scenes had four) and then stipulation contrastive extracts from the gather.\r\nMy group was exceptionally conscious in keeping the props, costumes and especially acting enamor to the prison term effect, so some(a) apprise research was done using the net profit to give us a smash understanding of, for example, what statuses the mother and father would baffle in relation to each other, or what costumes should be worn. Obviously, a reading of the stainless get together was done prior to any rehearsals, so that the scenes that we would be performing do thought to us. We to a fault read finished s punky Remembered Hills, by Dennis Potter, as a class.\r\nThe favourable tract Annual is near alone non- instinctiveistic. The said(prenominal) prole plays Michael, the melt role, throughout all his ages †from the age of ii-and-a-half into his great(p)hood. Also, cardinal of the four actors play a enjoin of characters, as opposed to one actor playing one character, as they would in a naturalistic play.\r\nAt number one glances, unsanctified Remembered Hills would hearm to be a non-naturalistic play. Firstly, the characters argon all electric razorren, whereas all the actors be adults, similar to The come up-to-do parcel Annual, where an adult actor would play the role of the s confiner Michael. However, the scenarios in good-for-naught Remembered Hills atomic number 18 completely naturalistic †e real(prenominal)thing that happens could happen in certain breeding. In contrast, The princely Path fashion Annual has second manpowerts, such as the fa ntasy sequences, where Michael is a dog with members of the Famous Five, which are apparently not naturalistic.\r\nThe other actually naturalistic thing about Blue Remembered Hills is that the play is in ‘real- clock’ †â€Å"one casualty by and by another without the imposition or intervention of memory in the form of flashback” in Potter’s words. The play is set in one day, un kindred The golden Pathway Annual, which spans a time limit of more than 20 days †in that respect is even an instance in the beginning where the transition amid two scenes indicates the change of several years, where a child had been born and raised to the age of two-and-a-half †not naturalistic in the slightest.\r\nThe emotions in Blue Remembered Hills are very naturalistic. This is because the play shows hardheaded emotions and how the distinguishable characters would react, for instance when Donald dies to wards the end, all the characters are â€Å"b adly shaken”. If the emotions were non-naturalistic, such as in a comic style, the emotions would lay out Donald’s death as humorous. The specious Pathway Annual also has very naturalistic, touching moments, such as:\r\nEnid: What’s going to happen to us?\r\nGeorge: When?\r\nEnid: When we die.\r\nEnid feels commotion and slightly pessimistic now that Michael has left(a) home, a natural reaction for a mother to feel. George, in the following lines, tries to be brave and attempts to convince Enid she’s â€Å"not talking sense” †an also natural thing for a husband to do.\r\nA keyable difference between the two plays is the themes. The favourable Pathway Annual principally has the theme of expectations, where Michael is stormd throughout his life, by his parents and by his school. He works hard, but this is only to find that all he worked for amounted to nothing. The important theme of Blue Remembered Hills is, in my opinion, childhood (o ther people may think differently †it depends on a person’s interpretation). The play goes through the emotions and activities of children, with an ending picture how all fun and games drive out end in catastrophe.\r\nBasing the two plays on their chief(prenominal) themes, it could be said that they are divergent, even so the two plays have other themes, which do relate the two of them. Nostalgia playms to be visualized in twain of the plays. A sense of looking back support be seen in both Dennis Potter’s and Ed Thomason’s (the director of the origin The Golden Pathway Annual productions) introductions; â€Å" every(prenominal) event in the script which had sparked score a personal memory, a moment of recognition for me, would do the same for an earshot” (Ed Thomason). It is clear that The Golden Pathway Annual was compose with the intention of nostalgia and Blue Remembered Hills was written using Potter’s memories.\r\n twain the plays similarly experience the theme of fantasy, stock-still one experiences it naturalistically and the other non-naturalistically. Blue Remembered Hills has times when the children will imagine they are Indians and cowboys, for instance, trail through the forest wailing and pip each other with their imaginary guns. This is naturalistic, as the audience sees the children â€Å"playing pretend”. The Golden Pathway Annual has non-naturalistic fantasy sequences. Michael’s fantasies are lots more like dreams †the audience views a dream where Michael is a dog or is crowd together truss; it is not Michael pretending he is James Bond.\r\nAlthough Blue Remembered Hills was written for television, a flourishing stage adaptation has been made of it. A problem posed by this, which is spank in different ways, depending on the production, is the staging. on that point is a section towards the end where there are instant transitions between at bottom a barn and outs ide a barn. On television, this is easy to do, however on stage this is harder. Therefore, the staging must be unnatural †the stage could be split, for instance. This is similarly to The Golden Pathway Annual, where the staging is very unnatural †such as in a scene I performed †a â€Å"Granny’s footsteps” scene, where Michael’s parents assert on him in the ironic way of life of this child’s game. As a group, we decided to stage it abstractly, similarly to the way Blue Remembered Hills would be staged.\r\nThe Golden Pathway Annual is set during the 1940s and 1960s. Our group established this time period in legion(predicate) ways; one was the way the two parents related. I performed as Enid in a way that allowed George to be the more dominant character, reflecting on the main beliefs of that time, that men still seemed to be the â€Å"superior” gender. The Golden Pathway Annual begins just after the war, whereas Blue Remembered Hil ls is set during the war. It is interesting to see that just the two years changes the historic period entirely, making the two plays acted very differently.\r\nThere is a similarity in time periods between the plays, and that is that the time period is a given circumstance †it is set, and cannot be changed. The reason Blue Remembered Hills cannot be changed is instead obviously as it is during the war, and the context of the play wouldn’t make sense without the time period. The time period in The Golden Pathway Annual is essential to the characters, plan and emotions; without the time period, the nostalgia of the play would be lost. In addition, the production notes stress the time period heavily.\r\nOne difference I notice about the style of how the two plays are written is the freedom the writers allow for the production, and what given circumstances there are. Blue Remembered Hills seems to be more flexible with how the play can be performed. Potter gives an option of what Willie can be doing in the first scene, whereas Harding & Burrows have much more severe given circumstances, where the props, as examples, are much more set †the placing of the two chairs (which are the props that create the illusion of many other items in the play) is stated.\r\n gild and ending is a significant difference between the two plays. The Peters family in The Golden Pathway Annual is of working class. The family was hard-hit by the war †literally; their house was bombed and they lost â€Å"everything”. Society in the times of the beginning of when The Golden Pathway Annual is set had the pop belief that the futurity would get break off, the high hopes due to the recent winning of the war. It was also believed that the young generation should make the scoop out of what they have offered to them, a culture reflected deeply into Enid and George’s parenting, which is shown through all the pressure applied on Michael to do well at sc hool and get beloved qualifications, so he can practise in life. However, as the play progresses, we see that cultures change and Michael finds that â€Å"like the pound, his tip has corrupted”.\r\nThe class and culture are both very different in Blue Remembered Hills. The children spit, threaten and fight regularly in the play, something that Michael is never known to have experienced. Michael is forever made presentable, as his parents believe that they take in to fit in with the society. It is likely that the same case occurs in Blue Remembered Hills, however the culture is different †the entire townspeople is likely to be of the â€Å"lower” country class, working on the farms; the way the children move is normal in the society they are in.\r\nIt is clear that the upbringing of the children in Blue Remembered Hills is not to get a degree and do well in life and to better themselves, as Michael is in The Golden Pathway Annual; the children are raise in a sort of ‘the present matters’ mentality, in contrast to The Golden Pathway Annual where Enid and George have firm beliefs that it is the future that matters, and that everything is done for a child to better themselves in the future.\r\nIn conclusion, I have learnt that although the two plays are very different in where they are set and the way the characters behave, similarities still lie in the themes and some of the styles, such as staging.\r\n'

'CCOT Analysis Essay\r'

'The Indian sea was a significant fragment of water that was bounded primarily by the Indian Subcontinent, the Arabian Peninsula, and eastern Africa. more an(prenominal) changes occurred over time in the area, in particular from 500 BCE and 1400 CE. The interaction of Buddhism and Confucianism altered, increased wealthiness came to new towns and ports, and population increased delinquent to rises in technology. Though there were many changes, many things stayed constant in the locality. The Indian Ocean region continued to affirm many economic/religious factors the same, such(prenominal) that Islamic world continued to disruption and alien goods re importanted as the basis of hatful. Buddhism and Confucianism were the main religious views in the Indian Ocean region. They both flourished initi eachy keeping a stable ratio, but Buddhism began to diminish during the zest Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty based their civil emolument exams on Confucianism, which as a moment guide to more than focus on Confucianism and later to the downfall of Buddhism.\r\nInteractions between maturation trade routes led to city popularity, wealth and success. Such cities include, Cairo, Quilon, and Melaka, which became major factors in Afro-Eurasian trade. technology in the region likewise led to many different changes in the Indian Ocean region. The three-field crop rotation chop-chop changed the bestride of cities. Since they were now able to grow dissimilar crops in the same area, more food and trade products came about. As urbanization increased, simultaneously, rural areas increased system also played a big role. As cities grew, they began to prosper. Agriculture boomed and therefore more opportunities for merchants were open as trade was excellent in the area.\r\nMany significant transitions and alterations occurred in the Indian Ocean region, which encouraged, primarily, economics, religion, and city success. Coming from the changes that occurred, many things also did remain the same in the Indian Ocean region. Islam continued to dissipate throughout the division. Trade relations hire existed between Arabia and the Indian subcontinent, which linked the Indian Subcontinent to the Islamic world. On top of Islam’s prosperous openinging, Indian trade was nonetheless and is still based on exotic goods.\r\nA good example of this could be how gold, slaves, silk, and spices were traded at around 150 CE, as well as 700-1000 CE. These constants were significant for the initiation of the regions trade, and the rise of a new religion. The Indian Ocean region had many changes and continuities that all occurred over time. Some changes were made including the rise of cities and trade, and the fall of Buddhism. The continuities include the constant spread of the Islamic world, and the same basis of trade; exotic goods. These factors all shaped the region building a stronger base of advancement demographically, culturally, and economically.\ r\n'

'Spm Essay Module\r'

'SPM Essay enjoin Writing Year 2011/ 2012 In musket ball garner Writing Letters the Right instruction! This week we will take a look at garner report. Generally, students ar taught to write two types of garner †formal letters and folksy letters. Informal letters ar easier to write in monetary value of format, language and tone. These letters are slightlytimes called social or friendly letters. Examples of informal letters acknowledge letters to family members and friends. When writing an informal letter, remember to give the amend format. Format of Informal Letters: use the most common salutation _____________, include the writer’s address and take in in the upper right mountain corner. The date can be written in different forms. (7th September 2009, 7 SEPTEMBER 2009 or 7. 9. 2009) _____________, _____________. _____________. Dear _______, ____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________. _ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________. nclude a suitable complimentary close. (Your loving daughter) Do not use ‘Regards’ as it is considered more or less more formal and distant. Also, do not use ‘Best Wishes’ as this is considered inappropriate. monitoring device! †When you write an informal letter… ? Do not use slang words. ? Do not use words which are in a language some other than English. This means you cannot write ‘Dear Abah’, or ‘Dear Amma’ even if that is how you address your parents. ? Do not sign off with ‘ beloved and Kisses’. Keep that for your personal letters. _________________, _________________ T OPIC: florid LIFESTYLE Your Task:You received a letter from your pen pal. In the letter, she express anxiety of gaining weight. Write a letter to her giving suggestions about how she can take weight. Below are the suggested ideas that you would include in your letter. Diet ? Balanced diet to bring home the bacon sufficient amount of nutrients ? Enjoy view of whole-grains, fruits and vegetables Exercise ? Exercise regularly helps to flare calories and manage weight ? Trade some coach time for physical activities ? swallow up moderate portions ? Take stairs preferably of elevator ? Eat regular meals ? walking to near destinations ? Drink plenty of piss ? Avoid late dinners\r\n'

'Essay Football vs Rugby\r'

'Ricardo Pardey ID 596397911 bit Essay February 15, 2013 Foot roll Vs. rugby foot wind When I was a senior in risque school day, I vie on my school’s rugby team. It was really load and funny while I contend al nigh all weekend sluice though it is not popular in Colombia. But then when I came to the unify States, it catch my attention that e verybody likes and watches Football and it do me contrast these two aggressive sports Rugby and Football. These two sports argon almost the same, for framework the object of both granuloses is score points by carrying the ball beyond the possessive denote lineage and the ball has a pro granded spheroid shape. nevertheless though they are similar in any(prenominal) aspects, the first big residual is related with the source. Rugby proceeds from England and Football from the USA. Because of their foundation, many small differences draw been created that show the enormousness of the characteristics of the society and their impac t on sports. commencement ceremony started with Football, this sport was created in the United State, which wedged the characteristics of the pole. The study league of this sport is called the depicted object Football League (NFL), and the major tourney is the Super Bowl.The rules of the game are; the game is formed by four 15-minute quarter with a half-time intermission, which shows that in the Ameri cigarette mindset, it is better a lot of briefly times than a few very long halves. The field moldiness had champion hundred twenty yards long by 53. 3 yards wide, establish on the measuring system use there. The ball is a prolonged spheroid, which is to the highest degree 11 inches long and 22 inches in perimeter and it, weight around 0. 875 lbs, to pee-pee the balloon aerodynamic so that it nooky travel longs distances. Each competitor moldiness use helmets and padding during the game.The digit of the things change, for exemplar when you made a purpose in Rugby it is c alled Try and in Football, touch down. Showing that the team can profess unlimited substitution in separately game but always having 11 die harders on the field, showing that in the States the community believe that when anything stop workings a hundred percent, it must be replaced by new ones One of the great differences between Rugby and Football is that the crook of substitutions that can be done by the coach in each game thanks to English cultural diverge is 7.The some other high-contact sport is Rugby, which was created in England. The major Tournament is the World Cup (Rugby Union) and the most known League is the Super 15; but there are a lot of leagues all oer the world, among them are Aviva Prem, top 14, and in an international level NSW suburb rugby; Showing that the mickle play this sport all over the world not like Football, which is played only in a set off of North America. The rules of this sport state that the ball must have the international 5 coat, that means 27 cm long and 60 cm in circumference with a weigh around 1lb.The field have 120 meters long by 70 meters wide fit in to the metrical system. On the field there must be situated only 15 players. They play two halves of 40 proceedings with a ten-minute half time. The additional difference is the size of the player, as they don’t use helmets or any other equipment except a mouth guard. They have wider backs, being the thinnest player just 81kg and the heaviest 201. 7kg. The name of a intent is Trying and subsequently made a point one player kicks the ball between the tendency posts to win more points.After seeing the circumstantial characteristic of both sport and the author why they have these differences, to summarize, Rugby and American Football are two sports with tearing physical aggression and the same goal: carrying the ball beyond the opponents touch line and kicking the ball between the goal post after they make the point. Even though they are parallel in some aspects; there are differences found on the source, such as the size of the ball, the field and the players, the length of the game and the function of substitutions permitted per team.In my personal experience, the place where the sport is created has a huge relation with the characteristics of the game. Because for example as football was created in the US the people over there like it because it is according to their characteristics; however, in the opposite side if a sport was created in a divers(prenominal) country and the people want to play it, they will face some things can be consider whether not love and strange, since recreation with Rugby in Colombia is not popular.\r\n'

'Bullying At School\r'

'Unfortunately we sensnot deny the creation of hector among children. According to the Ameri prat Psychological Association, xl to eighty percent of enlighten-age children experience blustering(a) at few(a) point during their nurture c atomic number 18ers. blusterous is unwanted, predatory behavior among school aged children that wants a current or perceived power imbalance correspond to the Stop ruffianing Website, A federal government website managed by the U. S. plane section of Health and Human Services. Four different oddb only of strong-arm atomic number 18 personal, verbal, covert, and cyber strong-arm.Bullying leaves physical and psychological consequences on the victim, bully, and also opposite children involved. Different descriptors of hector save short term and long term consequences that temporarily and permanently affect the bully and the bullied. There are four basic forms of bullying among the children. The first and approximately typical kind of bullying is physical bullying; this kind of bullying includes any physical fit handle punching, hitting, pushing, or any former(a) forms of physical abuse.Taking and destroying other children’s belongings by pull up is considered a kind of physical bullying. The second kind of bullying is verbal bullying, such as development humiliating names, joking ab come on the person’s parents, religion, g terminaler, or the focussing that they look. A good causa of this kind of bullying is making fun of the government agency another kid walks, runs, or unconstipated talks. The triad kind of bullying is covert bullying same spreading rumors or stories ab come forward any(prenominal)one else. For manakin a rumor like a son in your class is a bed steaming or plays with dolls.Also excluding someone from a group or team, and threatening to such level that the victim does some(prenominal) bully request other examples of covert are bullying. The most recent form of bul lying is cyber bullying. Cyber Bullying is done by sending messages, pictures, emails, text or any information using electronic devices like computers or cell phones. As a conduce of short-term and long-term consequences of existence bullied the victim provide experience immediate physical or cordial health issues and more serious problems in the future.The bullying victims have more sleeping difficulty, dropping grades, sadness, dispirited self esteem and headaches. In general, the victims have a couple of(prenominal) or no friends due to their anxiety level and their feeling of isolation. Feeling lonely and sad mickle have an effect on the victim’s molding abilities as well as school success; the victim becomes afraid of going to school or work. Another result of bullying is that the victim might become violent towards him or her selves and other children, and it is a huge possibility that a hand out of school shootings can be related to this issue.In some cases bu llying can go on for a long period of time and the victim can have thoughts of suicide and possibly lay a suicide. A recent incident of committing a suicide be create of bullying was a thirteen year sometime(a) girl, who was bullied by her girl friends in the school. According to newly York Daily News, she committed suicide by saltation off a cement factory mainstay on September 10, 2013, in Florida. Long-term consequences can be almost as bad for the bully as for the bullied. Bullies are more prone to fell behavior than others and are more likely to end up using alcohol or drugs in adolescence and as adults.For example while they are kids they may commit shop lifting or drop out of school; also as a bountiful they may using a gun to present their domination on other mess, getting involve in physical fights, or doing other power activities. It is very hard for bullies to deal with other people who are physically stronger. The Bullies cannot accept to be a victim, so they try hard to overcome the stronger opponent and to ignore embarrassment in front of other children by even getting into a bounteous trouble or committing a crime.Also engaging in early sexual activity is another godforsaken behavior of the bully children. The bully’s impulse for power will affect their behavior with their married woman and children in the future such as being abusive toward their romantic partners, spouses, or children as adults. However, some of the adult bullies will regret their behavior, and as a result of becoming depressed and weak, they will commit a suicide. Some people think that bullying is a part of childhood, and children will become stronger and learn to stand up for themselves.However, a lot of investigate shows that bullying in fact can cause negative social, emotional, and academic consequences. The four basic kinds of bullying are physical, verbal, covert, and cyberbullying which all have a punishing effect on children’s lives. De pression, anxiety, sadness, and loneliness are some of the negative effects of being bullied. In contrast, drugs and alcohol abuse, criminal convictions, and violent behaviors are some of the negative effects of bully children.The best way to address bullying is to stop it before it starts. If bullying behaviors happen in the school, the bully and the victim’s parents and school officials must meet immediately. They should solve the occasion through child adviser and find out the reasons behind the behavior. They are responsible to show the students how fundamental this issue is and what are the consequences of the bullying behavior. Also all parents must educate themselves and their children about the bullying behavior, and even use professional help if it is needed.\r\n'

'Hod 1000 Mid-Term Study Guide\r'

'HOD grand Midterm pick push through Guide 2. 28. 12 Tips: 1 f atomic number 18 lecturing 2 K forthwith how they be applic satisfactory 3 Know Lemme 4 Take the test c atomic number 18fully …50 multiple choice questions a. Underline the measurable words like: i. â€Å"All,” â€Å"Nothing” or â€Å" no(prenominal)”Lemme * Look for feigns on winment * copys for transforming developing * Trait deterrent example * Be aw ar of what the 5 characters mean * â€Å"Openness” and â€Å"Agreeableness” self-importance-importance & adenosine monophosphate; individuality 3 things determine importance of Memories: 1 Frequency a How often several(prenominal)thing occurs 2 sequence 3 Intensity inner Working Model:The inside working feigning is how we view/what we guess just about ourselves, others and the instauration. It influences what we expect of and from ourselves, others and the world in general and strikes how we respond. It b egins to form as soon as we are born and is based on experiences with others and the outcomes of our efforts. An infant that experiences stag ab utilisation or neglect smoke develop a negative internal working model that â€Å"says” no one cares about me, I am unlovable, good deal who are suppose to love me to a greater extentover hurt or reject me, it doesnt matter what I do or say it is in importive or non good enough, I ant place deal as one time they are slight and the next time they are mean. and so on If this â€Å"model” of ego-importance, others and the world and how things work is non corrected the guide may be a child or adult that has low self-importance-esteem, is overly dependent or independent, overreacts to situations, sabotages relationships, jobs and/successes, gives up easily, etc. Or an infant that receives consistent, responsive, attuned nurturing from his/her caregivers is or so likely to develop a positive internal working model. Soc ioCultural Current ———— Beliefs ——†Goals ——— Strategies intent baffle ( impinge ons them all)Beliefs In: I. Self * Concepts * What you think of yourself as a livelong * Efficacy * Confidence in what you do * Esteem * How you feel about yourself, as in self-worth * The more esteem you hold anchor, the more efficacy you charter a bun in the oven * Not true, typically in the Afro-Ameri faecal matter tidy sum; based on discrimination * Strong in-group/out-group diverge can contribute to low self-efficacy II. Others 3 Domains: 1 All battalion 2 Groups of heap 3 Specific Individuals III. ball 1 Overall Views 2 Explanation of outcomes 3 Making sense of the world, making cause and effect relationships Goals 4 Domains: carnal social welfare a passion for safety, comfort and sport 2 Personal Competence b Desire for importee and success 3 Relational Closeness c Desire for friendship, love, and acceptance 4 Self-Tran scendence d Desire for meaning and a lasting contribution to the world, or whatever you deem necessary e [Mitch Albom (Tuesdays with Morrie) is deficient the Self-Transcendence] Strategies 4 populaces: 1 Affect Regulation a Coping with care, emotions 2 Inter mortalal Skills b combat-ready listening, etc 3 Problem Solving 4 assess Management Schema * This is how you organize data in the world 2 offices of using that cultivation: 1 absorption a Putting the rising entropyrmation into already- lively categories b Al federal agencys see to see over accommodate 2 Accommodation c When you have to swap your schema to fit the late information * Equilibration is * A sense of cognitive unity or balance * People desire this, to amaze (or keep) their frame in rove. If non: * Disequilibration results * The major florists chrysanthemumentum for cognitive knowledge; info inconsistent with our existing worldview disrupts equilibration, placing us in an unpleasant cognitive all ege (conflict, dissonance, inconsistency)cognitive Functioning Self-Concepts: * Closure * Permanence * Once you conception something out, you stay that course. * Urgency (associated with Permanence) Bio-Psycho-Social-Spiritual Dimensions of Goals MEMORIZE IT | Needs| Desires| Fears| Physical Well-Being| Safety & Security| Health, comfort, pleasure| Death, pain, suffering| Personal Competence| Esteem| Power, success, accomplishments| Helplessness, inadequacy, bereavement| Relational Closeness| Belonging| Friendship, love, intimacy| Rejection, engulfment| Self-Transcendence| endeavor| Generativity, service, God| Hopelessness, meaninglessness|From Lemme Equation for egoism: Self-Esteem = Self Concept / Ideal Self discrimination betwixt Reliability and validity (pg. 13) Reliablity * Consistency or stability over time * pull up stakes the results obtained be consistent if the study is done again, or are they influence by some fluctuating factor, much(prenominal) that we cann ot arrive at the same findings in all similar situations? * Problems with reliability must be stubborn in order to have federal agency in findings Validity * The degree to which your experimental results can be applied to external population Terms that bring together right awayly to things in lecture: * Looking deoxyephedrine Self * Take others’ perceptions of you to formulate your own self concept Generalized Other (p 78) * We begin to channel the perspective of society and its values and expectations in discernment ourselves; * Basically, incorporating societal standards into our sense of self Erikson’s 8 Stages of developing 1 Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1) 2 Autonomy vs. Doubt (1-3) 3 Initiative vs. ungodliness (3-6) 4 Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11) 5 Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-20) Related to one’s commitment to occupation, religious beliefs and political ideology and whether or not those commitments have been made after a period of exploration or crisis b crowd Marcia added the domains of gender-role attitudes and beliefs about sexual expression 6 mashiness vs. Isolation (20-40) c Developing capacity for be quiet intimate relationships without losing one’s sense of self d Dependent on the existence of a solid identity (previous stage) e In not headstrong, leads to loneliness and isolation 7 Generativity vs. Self-Absorption (40-65) A tending for future generations and society as a whole g Mid keep transition?? h Psychological origins are in adolescence and young adulthood i bimonthly longing for meaning and purpose that is outward centre and which occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood 8 Integrity vs. despair (65+) j Integrity refers to the ability to look back over life with satisfaction and little or no regrets i Acceptance of ending ii Saying goodbye to loved ones deuce-ace Finishing the â€Å"race” with dignity k desperation include bitterness and regret over life There is a sense of fear and despair as one approaches m 4 types of Generativity: Articles * why the Self is Empty * What does Media/Advertising suggest people use to fill up their empty self? †Consumption of material goods †Psychotherapy * Emerging maturity * Extending Education * Marriage Late * Increased Life Expectancy The Forgotten one-half · Who comprises the Forgotten Half? Coherent Life 1. Meaningful a. Goal domain: Self Transcendence b. Strategies: Increase Generativity (from Erikson’s 8 stages) 2. Comprehensible 3. Manageable I. Identity Development LectureCritical Models to see Alternatives 1. Bronfenbrenner’s Systems Theory a. In the Middle you have you, then the MicroSystem (tend to be Dyadic); next Meso, interaction between the domains (the way work environment strickles your bag environment, endorse versa); then, EXOsystem (things that influence your microsystems; might not have direct influence though); Lastly, MACROsystem: Society, how it has scripts, norms, b lueprints for how things should go 2. Levinson b. Know what the major stages are and their ORDER c. Although, exact age questions will in all likelihood not be in the exam d. adopt’t spend in like manner much time, initially, on this 3. Marsha e. airing—no commitment, no crisis, not acknowledging a occupation f. Fore closureâ€comittment, but not crisisâ€you’ve taken a value someplace else. This is the way things are. An unscholarly acceptance of a value or belief. g. Moratoriumâ€crisis, no commitment. You’re evaluating beliefs and values you have. If you want to keep them or find others. Achievementâ€commitment and crisis. You can be critical of beliefs goals and values without it affecting your identity h. 2 Forces playing on you are: i. Crisis ii. Commitment . Understand the characteristics of people in each of those stages; be able to place a described person into one of those stages and know how you can stir up them 4. Eriksonâ€⠄¢s 8 Stages of Development i. Throughout a lifetime, each person moves through the 8 stages j. faeces from one to some other is based on a crisis or a conflict; k. If not, you get stuck in that stage and can’t move on l. Arguments against it: iii. It’s infer m. Attachment Styles iv. <- —-Avoidant (Detached)——- Secure (distinguish)—†Anxious/Ambivalent [(Dif)fused]- -> n.Stress brings out one of these dickens undesirable qualities v. Securely Attached- rose-cheeked relationships, trust people but not naive about it vi. Differentiated 5. TRAIT Model p 67 o. Know what traits are chiefly about p. sovietism v. Individualism vii. Collectivism-Little individual thought, for the good of the group and not necessarily for the good of the person. Chinese Society viii. Individualism-Individualist Society. American Society ix. Fits into the MACROsystem section of Systems Theory Emerging AdulthoodDetached/Avoidant——Differentiated/S ecure—â€Diffused/Anxious-Ambiv. Family Systems Lecture 1. Life Forces: a. specialism: Begin independent, making yourself antithetical from people nigh you b. Togetherness: Fitting in v. Standing Out c. faker Self-Extremes: Detached, Diffused d. A rope of conditional relation of final stage and family relationships 2. Family Roles (Chart with lecture notes is great! ): e. Hero, First-Born: Fear of failure; over-controlled f. Scapegoat, second Born: Fear of rejection, shame, Wants to stand out from oldest, head for the hills to lean to the avoidant side of the scale g. mixed-up Child-Middle child syndrome, futile to express feelings, Witness the battle between siblings and parents, invaginate h. Mascot: Youngest, Hides pain with humor, immature, feels inadequate, Instead of withdrawing from strain, they try to ease it with humor, more than anxious ambivalent 3. Influences on Family System i. beam: Parents battle cry at you j. Indirect: Watching parents rallying cry at sibling k. Reciprocal: The way you affect your parents; influence never goes one way i. As you’re being yelled at by your parents, the way you respond shams your parents 2 Types of Anxiety . degenerative: Ongoing, Nagging feeling that something will go unconventional or that you’re just defame in general, Produced in family systems with a lot of conflict, Pushes you to either be fused or avoidant 2. Acute: Limited; normal, Will disappear with the not-so-serious situation, Ways to Bind Anxiety 1. estimable: Exercising, public lecture to someone, using reflective skills 2. Unhealthy: take in disorders, physical manifestations of symptoms (headaches, stomach aches) Highly Differentiated People: Secure, self-directed, Responsible for selfWhat is a Triangle: Basic way to look at a relationship is a dyad; but when instability occurs, in that respect’s a tendency to bring in a 3rd party. Using them, directly, to diffuse the problem is a bad thing Ways t o De-Triangle 1. Emotionally Neutral, Supportive, fighting(a) nameening, Facilitating Problem Solving, Encouragement a. Worse thing to do: â€Å"Oh, let me talk to them FOR you. ” 2. Active Listening, Paraphrasing, Repeat some of their claims back to them to help them understand, Probing, Asking questions to do a bit more door opening Cognitive DistortionsCheck Bainey for: · Listening Skill Clusters · Barriers to Active Listening HOD 1000 Review Session * Memorization and application * Achieved in their identity vs. centrally attached * How to apply the lecture material * Don’t spend too much time on ageism * Model for understanding development is more importantâ€trait model! * 50 MCQ * Look out for â€Å"not” * Underline important words: all, nothing, not * If talking about mom, maybe it has to do with attachment * rook 5 traits: what they refer to. What does bareness mean?Don’t need to know all 7 measurements of openness. What’s the d ifference between agreeable and openness? First 3 lectures, questions * Self and Identity * The Internal Working Model!!! * Socio-cultural * Current beliefs, goals, strategiesactions=Life birth * Past experiences-3 things determine importance * Frequency * epoch * Intensity * They determine how much previous experiences have a bearing on goals, beliefs, strategies. Beliefs=self, others and the world * Self: concept, efficacy, esteem Concept what you think of yourself as a whole, esteem how you feel about yourself/self-worth, efficacy is confidence in what you can do * More esteem, more efficacy you have except in the African-American populationâ€due to discrimination * Strong in group-out group bias, you can develop high self-worth in spite of appearance group, but negative stereotypes in environment and their impact on opportunities affects efficacy * Others: people in general, groups of people, individuals * World: overall view, explanation of outcomes (making sense of the w orld, cause and effect relationships, predicting/avoiding events) * Goals=physical well-being, personal competence, relational closeness, self-transcendence. Mitch is missing self-transcendence * Strategies=affect regulations (dealing with emotions), interpersonal skills, problem-solving, task management * Schema * That’s how you organize knowledge about the world. You have to compose all the knowledge you’ve taken in * Assimilation and accommodation Assimilationâ€Putting new info into existing categories * People prefer this/to keep things way they are. Equilibrium * Cognitive dissonanceâ€things don’t fit togetherâ€desire equilibration and order * Accomâ€change your schema * Self-Concept page 82 Out of cognitive function people seek closure, permanence, and urgency * Know the 4 goal domainsâ€needs, desires, fears related to them (physical well-being, bio, pscyho something) * Equation for self-confidence=self-concept/ideal self * Difference betw een reliability and validity p. 13 * Looking glass self and generalized other â€they connect directly to stuff in the lecture * Re-read the empty self People use media, advertising, etc to fill up the empty self, psychotherapy, goods * A coherent life: meaningful, comprehensible, and manageable * Strategies to conduct a meaningful life: generativty vs. self-absorption (Erikson) * Reflection, comprehensible (can you understand world close to you in a way thither’s peace) Lecture 2 Identity Development * Bronfrenbrenner * You in the middle surrounded by microsystem of informative relationships (any people you interact with on a periodic level directly) * Outside of this is mesoâ€interaction between different domains. Way you work environment affects home environment. Microsystems are interacting.Noisy roommate>cranky in class * Exo systemâ€things that influence your microsystemsâ€might not have direct interaction with. CEO and mail room person. * big systemâ €society has blueprints * Levinsonâ€know the major stages and its order * Unlikely it’ll be age, but who knows * Marsha 2 forces acting on you are crisis and commitment * Understand the characteristics of people hereâ€if you were given a person as example know how to place them * Foreclosuremoratorium. A biggish event could challenge their beliefs and they haven’t resolved it yet * Need to be able to move between models * Erikson’s 8 stages of development p. 48 Lemme Throughout life, each person moves through stages * Movement from one to another is based on a crisis or conflict * If you don’t, you get stuck and can’t move on * Critiques: it’s generalized, there’s no general frame for development * Attachment styles The strange situation experiment * Avoidant— just—-anxious ambivalent * Stress brings out one of these two undesirable characteristics * Securely attachedâ€healthy relationships/balance, place * Av oidant= disjointed, secure=differentiated, anxious ambivalent=fused * P. 67 trait modelâ€know what traits are generally about * Collectivism vs. individualism * Operates in the macro system Emerging adulthoodâ€why is adulthood emerging later in people now? * Extended education, marriage later, increased life expectancy, etc. * The forgotten halfâ€who are they? Why are they left, what are the implications * No trigger word for his momâ€always been that way means it’s probably a trait Lecture 3 Family Systems * What are the two life forces operating? differentiation and togetherness * Differentiationâ€being independent, making yourself different from people around you * Togethernessâ€fitting in vs. standing out * fraudulence self=extremes. Detached, fused * A lot of significance of close and family relationships * 4 family roles†admirer, scape goat, lost child, mascot Lost childâ€quiet, observant, inwardly focused, sees battle between hero and scapeg oat. Goes into it but doesn’t get involved. * Mascotâ€instead of withdrawing, they try to ease it with humorâ€probs more anxious * suck lecture notes * 3 kinds of influenceâ€direct, indirect, and reciprocal * Parents yell at you, watching them yell at your siblings, as you’re being yelled at the way you respond impacts your parents * 2 types of anxietyâ€chronic and neat * Chronic anxiety produced in systems with a lot of conflict and that pushes you to be fused or detached * Cognitive distortions! Over gen, mind reading, all or nothing * Binding techniques for anxiety Unhealthyâ€alcohol, drugs, cutting, consume disorders, headaches/stomach aches, ways you respond to anxiety * Healthyâ€exercising, talking about it, reflecting, taking a nap, * List of things that highly differentiated people are in the lecture notes * Need to know them! * Triangle * dickens people have a conflict and go to a third person to diffuse tension * Instability in that rela tionbringing someone else in to use them directly is unhealthy * 5 components of DE triangulating * Emotional disinterestâ€don’t take sides * Being accessary * Active listening * Facilitating problem-solving * Encouragementâ€resolve at heart the dyad * â€Å"let me talk to them for you” NO wrong meh * Paraphrasing and probingâ€repeating back what was said and petition questions * Baney listening skill clusters and barriers to active listeningJesse never calls home doesn’t want to explain grade triskaidekaphobic of disappointing them * Both chronic and acute * Which of these is not a way ppl try to bind anxietyâ€using drugs, over studying, hanging out with friends, alcohol,, no(prenominal) of the in a higher place, b and c * Answer was none of the above†Ladder of inference Race and ethnicityâ€difference in way Martia’s identity status is nonionised Healthy outcome for exertion of minorityâ€bicultural achievementâ€learning to adapt to different situations as a protective measure. Others should embrace equality and differences. Diffusion and foreclosuremoratoriumachievement mixed bag and identification * Automatic, based on stereotypes, includes a mental image\r\n'

'Starry night\r'

'Vincent train forefront van van Gogh Painted named sparkling Night was motley with the use of oil mediums in 1889 while he was in Saint Remy seek treatment in a mental asylum. Although when this effectuate was painted it was found on his memory. This mi illumineary personnel is a symbolic ornament proficient of movement, energy and abstemious. It is CACM by 92 CM and this moving-picture show alongside Mona Lisa is utilize to decorate more bedrooms round the world than whatever different hear in the history of art. It is star of those iconic images, that demand become visual gabble©s receivable to mass production and hencece deserve a closer visualiseing to rediscover their power.It was based on a constellation rearrangement that forefront Gogh had seen primarily on in the downheartedness tilt of Provence. starry baleful is perhaps ace of his roughly historied artworks ever and is sensation of the about replicated artworks around the worlds. The night sky show uped by cutting edge Gogh in this painting is total of whirling clouds, luster stars and a b recompense rounded moon on the far right of the painting. The elements batten down fluidity and this erect is not a joyful piece nor a dispirited one as it has different tones throughout the squargon piece.The Church and town symbolism union as they ar alone together under the graceful night sky, the dark purpose in the foreground re lay downs closing off a darkness that is present and the most noticeable twinkle stars and moon show hope and two-eyed violet in dark times. new wave Gogh has carefully primed(p) the town in the lower center of the piece because until now though it isnt the main focus of the whole artwork it is truly carefully clump around a church building which connects into the sky to draw your center from the flowing lines into the lit up town.The miniature huddled town creates a sense of seclusion and I would not previse this to wn to be full of crime or noise. Even if it was, this is not what the artisan depicted. What he did depict was a town, almost houses with the peace of sleep. Van Gogh lived in a little town retributive on the outskirts of Saint Remy and I intrust that this town swell as the cypress maneuver manoeuver and stars in all relate back to his life sentence pre suicide. I believe that all three are connected and the town symbolizes unity and gives an impression of isolation but in like manner how much we have devolved because in one secern we have a rigation of man and in the other a mental hospital of nature.There are heterogeneous interpretations of starlike Night and one is that the poopvas depicts pope. It seems that van Gogh was showing that even with a dark night such as this it is still viable to see scant(p) in the windows of the houses. Furthermore, with shining stars choice the sky, on that point is always trip to guide you. First, it comes crosswise as a as sortment of castle, but then you get the impression that it is a plant of some sort that is growing toward sky.As you look closer you crystallise that the mysterious shape is not made of bleak lines, but dark green, with hints of megrims and blacks in its midst. This object is said to be a cypress tree and they usually symbolism conclusion as they are most molly implant in graveyards. It is executable that Vantage intensifies himself with the looming cypress tree in the foreground. The bear-sized cypress in starlit Night is arguably the most eye undercover work but at the same time perplexing â€Å"thing” in the painting.Mostly because of its size and the way its dark and roughly colored presence contrasts to heavily with the brilliantly colored stars. I relate Van Gogh with this tree as it seems that even though he was healed of his illness there was no peace, so in last he knew that he would be at piece. Van Gogh was aware that his Starry Night melodic theme was somewhat surreal. Although the features are exaggerated, this is a scene we can all relate to, and withal one that most individuals feel comfortable and at ease with.This sky keeps the viewers eyes moving to the highest degree the painting, following the curves and creating a visual dose to dot with the stars. This movement keeps the onlooker involved in the painting while the other factors take hold. The rich colorize used by Van Gogh almost makes it look as through it is smudged but if you sailplane in and take a closer look they are dependable different textures from thick to thin. This is basically the only light in this painting as t is environ by bright stars and the crescent-shaped moon.I believe it subsidizes the light that guides everybody through darkness as the cypress tree looms nearby. Also how our world is so beautiful to a higher place and sometimes we get caught up in our meddlesome lives that to take time to prize a beautiful collation of stars and t he sky itself is trying but right inferno of all of us. mantrap is always there among darkness but its our option if we choose to evaluate it. It seems that van Gogh was in the end being cured of his illness and had essentially found his heaven. He as well knew that in death he would be at peace.\r\nStarry night\r\nVincent Van Gogh Painted named Starry Night was painted with the use of oil mediums in 1889 while he was in Saint Remy seeking treatment in a mental asylum. Although when this piece was painted it was based on his memory. This piece is a symbolic landscape full of movement, energy and light. It is CACM by 92 CM and this painting alongside Mona Lisa is used to decorate more bedrooms around the world than any other image in the history of art. It is one of those iconic images, that have become visual click©s due to mass production and consequently deserve a closer look to rediscover their power.It was based on a constellation rearrangement that Van Gogh had seen ea rlier on in the night sky of Provence. Starry night is perhaps one of his most famous artworks ever and is one of the most replicated artworks around the worlds. The night sky depicted by Van Gogh in this painting is full of whirling clouds, shining stars and a bright crescent moon on the far right of the painting. The elements ensure fluidity and this piece is not a happy piece nor a dark one as it has different tones throughout the whole piece.The Church and town symbolism unity as they are all together under the beautiful night sky, the dark object in the foreground represents isolation a darkness that is present and the most noticeable shining stars and moon represent hope and peace in dark times. Van Gogh has carefully placed the town in the lower center of the piece because even though it isnt the main focus of the whole artwork it is very carefully huddled around a church which connects into the sky to draw your eye from the flowing lines into the lit up town.The little huddl ed town creates a sense of seclusion and I would not expect this town to be full of crime or noise. Even if it was, this is not what the artist depicted. What he did depict was a town, some houses with the peace of sleep. Van Gogh lived in a little town Just on the outskirts of Saint Remy and I believe that this town swell as the cypress tree and stars all relate back to his life pre suicide. I believe that all three are connected and the town symbolizes unity and gives an impression of isolation but also how much we have devolved because in one part we have a creation of man and in the other a creation of nature.There are various interpretations of Starry Night and one is that the canvas depicts pope. It seems that van Gogh was showing that even with a dark night such as this it is still possible to see light in the windows of the houses. Furthermore, with shining stars filling the sky, there is always light to guide you. First, it comes across as a sort of castle, but then you get the impression that it is a plant of some sort that is growing toward sky.As you look closer you realize that the mysterious shape is not made of black lines, but dark green, with hints of blues and blacks in its midst. This object is said to be a cypress tree and they usually symbolism death as they are most molly found in graveyards. It is possible that Vantage intensifies himself with the looming cypress tree in the foreground. The large cypress in Starry Night is arguably the most eye catching but at the same time ambiguous â€Å"thing” in the painting.Mostly because of its size and the way its dark and almost sinister presence contrasts to heavily with the brightly colored stars. I relate Van Gogh with this tree as it seems that even though he was cured of his illness there was no peace, so in death he knew that he would be at piece. Van Gogh was aware that his Starry Night composition was somewhat surreal. Although the features are exaggerated, this is a scene we can a ll relate to, and also one that most individuals feel comfortable and at ease with.This sky keeps the viewers eyes moving about the painting, following the curves and creating a visual dot to dot with the stars. This movement keeps the onlooker involved in the painting while the other factors take hold. The rich colors used by Van Gogh almost makes it look as through it is smudged but if you zoom in and take a closer look they are Just different textures from thick to thin. This is basically the only light in this painting as t is surrounded by bright stars and the crescent moon.I believe it subsidizes the light that guides everybody through darkness as the cypress tree looms nearby. Also how our world is so beautiful above and sometimes we get caught up in our busy lives that to take time to appreciate a beautiful collation of stars and the sky itself is hard but right inferno of all of us. Beauty is always there among darkness but its our choice if we choose to appreciate it. It s eems that van Gogh was finally being cured of his illness and had essentially found his heaven. He also knew that in death he would be at peace.\r\n'

'Attitude Formation\r'

' stead FormationCCSF, Shardlow In Social Psychology statuss are outlined as domineering or negative evaluations of marks of thought. statuss typically have three comp one and only(a)nts. • The cognitive helping is do up of the thoughts and beliefs plurality hold about the object of the attitude. • The affective component consists of the emotional tone of voiceings stimulated by the object of the attitude. • The behavioral component consists of predispositions to act in certain ways toward an attitude object. The object of an attitude outhouse be anything people have opinions about.Therefore, roundone people, chemical groups of people, institutions, products, social trends, consumer products, etc. all put up be attitudinal objects. • Attitudes drive social judgments. They are both for, or against, pro, or con, positive, or negative; however, it is possible to be ambivalent about the attitudinal object and have a mix of positive and negative fe elings and thoughts about it. • Attitudes involve a shootiness (or predisposition) to respond; however, for a material body of reasons we don’t always act on our attitudes. • Attitudes vary along dimensions of strength and accessibility.Strong attitudes are very cardinal to the individual and bleed to be long-lived and have a powerful impact on behavior, whereas weak attitudes are not very important and have little impact. Accessible attitudes come to backsheesh quickly, whereas other attitudes may rarely be noticed. • Attitudes unravel to be stable over time, but a number of factors can cause attitudes to smorgasbord. • Stereotypes are astray held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group. • A prejudice is an arrogant belief, or feeling, directed toward a group of people or its individual members.Prejudices can be each positive or negative; however, the term is usually used to refer to a negative attitude held toward members of a group. Prejudice may lead to discrimination, which involves behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group. Psychological factors involved in Attitude Formation and Attitude Change 1. Direct counseling involves being told what attitudes to have by parents, schools, community organizations, unearthly doctrine, friends, etc. 2. Operant Conditioning is a childly form of learning. It is based on the â€Å"Law of case” and involves voluntary responses.Behaviors (including verbal behaviors and maybe even thoughts) tend to be repeated if they are reinforce (i. e. , followed by a positive bonk). Conversely, behaviors tend to be stop when they are punished (i. e. , followed by an un nice experience). Thus, if one expresses, or acts out an attitude toward some group, and this is reinforced by one’s peers, the attitude is fortify and is likely to be expressed again. The financial backing can b e as subtle as a smile or as obvious as a raise in salary. Operant learn is especially involved with the behavioral component of attitudes. 3. classical teach is another simple form of learning. It involves instinctive responses and is acquired by the pairing of two stimuli. Two events that repeatedly cash in ones chips close together in time bring fused and before long the somebody responds in the same way to both events. Originally study by Pavlov, the physical process requires an unconditioned foreplay (UCS) that produces an involuntary (reflexive) response (UCR). If a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired, either very dramatically on one occasion, or repeatedly for several acquisition trials, the neutral stimulus leave lead to the same response provoke by the unconditioned stimulus.At this point the stimulus is no longer neutral and so is referred to as a conditioned stimulus (CS) and the response has now exit a learned response and so is referred to as a conditioned respo nse (CR). In Pavlov’s research the UCS was meat powder which led to an UCR of salivation. The NS was a bell. At first the bell elicited no response from the dog, but eventually the bell solo caused the dog to salivate. Advertisers create positive attitudes towards their products by presenting winning models in their ads. In this case the model is the UCS and our response to him, or her, is an automatic positive response.The product is the superior NS which through pairing comes to elicit a positive conditioned response. In a similar fashion, pleasant or unhappy experiences with members of a particular group could lead to positive or negative attitudes toward that group. Classical conditioning is especially involved with the emotional, or affective, component of attitudes. 4. Social (Observational) Learning is based on modeling. We accompany others. If they are getting reinforced for certain behaviors or the expression of certain attitudes, this serves as vicarious reinf orcement and makes it more ikely that we, too, will behave in this look or express this attitude. Classical conditioning can also occur vicariously through ceremonial occasion of others. 5. Cognitive Dissonance exists when related cognitions, feelings or behaviors are inconsistent or contradictory. Cognitive racquet creates an unpleasant state of tension that motivates people to reduce their dissonance by changing their cognitions, feeling, or behaviors. For example, a mortal who rifles out with a negative attitude toward marihuana will experience cognitive dissonance if they start smoking marijuana and find themselves enjoying the experience.The dissonance they experience is thus likely to motivate them to either change their attitude toward marijuana, or to stop using marijuana. This process can be conscious(p), but often occurs without conscious awareness. 6. Unconscious Motivation. Some attitudes are held because they serve some unconscious function for an individual. For example, a person who is be by his homosexual feelings may employ the falsification mechanism of reaction formation and baffle a crusader against homosexuals.Or, someone who feels inferior may feel somewhat better by putting low-spirited a group other than her own. Because it is unconscious, the person will not be aware of the unconscious demand at the time it is operative, but may become aware of it as some later point in time. 7. Rational Analysis involves the careful advisement of evidence for, and against, a particular attitude. For example, a person may carefully listen to the presidential debates and read opinions of political experts in order to decide which view to vote for in an election.\r\n'

'Indian Restaurant Case Study Essay\r'

'Porter’s five forces model give help us to determine in what ways this parvenu deliver a chance forget use it when thinking ab bug out caper brass strategy and the impact of IT. 1. emptor effect: Buyer top executive is high when buyers have many choices from whom to buy, and wrand so forthed when in that respect ar some. As a supplier of the product or service, we should always wishes to reduce buyer power. For this go farprise the buyer power will be low because t present is no other Indian eatery in that area. In addition, the enterprise will keep up track of the clients who make their visit oft to the restaurant through loyalties programs, number of times quote card being used etc. and it is not feasible without large â€scale IT systems. 2. Supplier power: supplier power is high when buyers have few choices from whom to buy. As a customer of other supplier organizations, you want to increase your buyer power.\r\n everywhere here, IT bleeds a vita l role in deliverance buyer-supplier in concert through internet, IT-enable B2B e-marketplaces etc. For this business the supplier power will be low. We tin net create a competitive advantage by locating alternative supply sources for the organization. 3. Threats of substitute product or services: It is high when there are many alternatives to a product or services, and low when there are few alternatives from which to choose. Ideally, we want it to be in the organization in a market in which there are few substitutes for the products and services. In this venture if we verbalize about the availability of the Indian forage in this area, the threat of substitute is very low.\r\nBut arguing croupe be given other firm nutriment chains kindred McDonalds, Wendy’s, domino’s etc. Over here we can pretend the help of IT by providing fast services to our customers by the help of taking order online, drive through etc. 4. Threat of new entrants: The threat of new ent rant is high when it is easy for new competitors to enter a market, and low when the entry is not easy. Over here the threat of new entrant in this particular type of business is low because it undeniable high investment, involvement of risk in foregoing of the other fast food chains etc. 5. Rivalry among existing competitors: It’s high when disputation is fierce in the market and low when rival is more complacent. Over here there is no existing competitor as far as the Indian restaurant is concerned. But still we can get competition from other fast food chains who have already established themselves in the market.\r\nBUSINESS INTELIGENCE\r\nBusiness intelligence is a familiarity about your customers, competitors, business partners, competitive environment, and your internal trading operations that gives you the ability to make effective, important, and strategic business closes. It is an IT applications and similarlyls that take patronise the business intelligence within an organization. The objective of BI is to improve the timeliness and step of the input for decision making by helping knowledge workers to look the a) Capabilities available in the firm.\r\nb) Trends and afterlife directions in the markets.\r\nc) Actions of competitors and implementation of these actions. d) Economic, political, social, and regulatory environments in which the firm competes. Over here BI will help us in getting knowledge about competitors; future prospects of the business and hence will help us in efficiencies and lowering cost in internal operations of the restaurant. Through BI we can find out the business strategies which have to be implied in the future if restaurant faces a competition from other restaurant or fast food chains. It is known that BI systems issue actionable information and knowledge at the proficient time, in the right location, in the right form.\r\nCUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT\r\nA customer relationship management uses informa tion about customers to slay insights into their needs, wants, and behavior in order to serve them better. Customers move with companies in many ways, and in each fundamental interaction should be easy, and error free. It’s uncommon for a customer to change companies after having a worst experience. The goal of CRM is to limit such negative interactions and provide customers with good experiences. Its symbolizes very important role in the industry the likes food industry because once customer have a bad experience in it he will never like to sum up back.\r\nSo we should take care of the quality of the food and good customer service. Not only this we should too take care of the other facilities which is to be provided to them like availability of the wi-fi within the premises so that they can do there work online, now all over here IT plays its role. We can in like manner provide facilities like free home deliveries, taking order online and they can book the table in advance to hold any type of gathering like offset day, valentine day, birthdays etc. IT will help us to kindle feedback from the customer and thus meet their necessity as far as service is concerned, and they can also give suggestion to improve further.\r\nSUPPLY drawstring MANAGEMENT\r\n add together chain management will play very important role in this venture. IT will help us in bringing together vast network of suppliers. Over here, in restaurant business we have to take finical care about the quality of materials to be used. Supply chain management will help us in track arrival the date of the material, end point date of it, also help in tracking inventory and information about raw materials and their suppliers. besides many materials on hand means that too much property is tied up in inventory and also increases the risk of obsolescence, especially in the case of perishable goods. Too few materials on hand are not good either. So to avoid that situation we can use a dept in time (JIT) approach. It will help us in reducing holding cost.\r\nTO REACH TIPPING arrest\r\nTo reach tipping point in this venture, the main focussing would be on customer satisfaction and the quality of the food because customer wants value out of the money spent and it they get that value it will keep bringing them. It can be through with(p) by using differentiation strategy and IT will play major role in this. We have to do planning, implementing and controlling of the operations to satisfy customer requirement as efficiently as possible. We have to take care of the movement and storage of raw materials, in- development inventory and all this can be done with help of IT. Staff will also play a major role in arrival to the tipping point. We will look for highly skilled and experienced staff for this. Importantly, all this would be offered to the customers at a reasonable price.\r\n'

'Handphones should be banned from schools Essay\r'

'establish on my opinion, I strongly believe that evanesce hollers should be ban from schoolhousetimes. This is because the detrimental effect of students’ example of stack phones in school weighs heavier than its benefits.\r\nFirstly, paw phones should be illegalise in school because students’ intimately loses decoct in single out. Acquiring knowledge, learn something new and to develop one-self are the reasons students go to school. If learning is the priority, then what map do softwood phones play in classrooms? They pay heed as distracters, what else? Students who use lot phones in class get distracted and distract the learning of serve of the other students in class as well. For instance, if a student’s hand phone rings, everyone’s attention is set on the student instead than on the t to each oneer standing in the limit of the class. Moreover, on many occasions students’ have been caught text-messaging each other in class or playing games on their phones.\r\nOther than that, hand phones should be banned from schools because students’ tend to surf the websites in the classroom. When the lesson is taking gift in the class, students who chooses to rebel, shows complete attachment to the phone. Rather than, salaried attention during the class, students surf the internet and actively interact in social medias such as instance book and Twitter. Worst still, students who use hand phones are prone to visit illegal and inappropriate websites for their age. For instance, thither are chances for students to have access to pornography in hand phones. Many students have been known to download pornographic pictures from the Internet to their phones. Adding on, students tend share those videos with their peers through and through Bluetooth which opens gate for social problem.\r\nMoreover, hand phones should be banned from schools because it creates opportunity for thefts to occur. It is a norm for teenag ers to display their prop to their fellow peers. Additionally, if they own something new, latest, trendy and mostly what the others do non own. This allows the occurrence of petty thefts in school as hand phones, especially those that are pricey and have additional features that draws unnecessary attention, gets stolen. Here, the safety of students excessively comes into the picture. Especially students who hold their expensive gadgets are sometimes accosted and assaulted outside the school gate as they sweetener the attention of snatch thieves. Victims with hand phones and other precious will most certainly have these items interpreted away by force when they are not aware. Who is to be blamed here?\r\nThe student with the hand phone? Or the thief? In addition, hand phones should be banned from schools because it encourages dishonesty. Students who have access to hand phones in class, whitethorn cultivate the habit of swindling. For instance, students force out text test an swers to other people in the classroom or also the school. Students too may have internet access on their phone and look up answers for examinations that way. Even though cheating has always been an issue, using cell phones in school only makes the issue bigger. Stressing again; I strongly believe that hand phones should be banned from schools because students’ easily loses focus in class, students’ tend to surf the websites in the classroom, creates opportunity for thefts to occur and finally encourages dishonesty. Since, the usage of hand phones in school contributes to multiple problems, I importune that hand phones should be banned from schools.\r\n'

'Decision Making Essay\r'

'Managers ar constantly c only whened upon to conduct decisions in order to drub troubles. Decision qualification and problem solving are ongoing exploites of evaluating situations or problems, considering elections, making choices, and following them up with the necessary actions. Sometimes the decision-making work at is extremely short, and noetic reflection is essentially instantaneous. In other situations, the process git drag on for weeks or level months. The entire decision-making process is dependent upon the right learning being available to the right people at the right times.\r\nThe decision-making process involves the following steps: 1. pick uping the problems 2. Identify decision criteria 3. Allocating weights to criteria 4. Develop ersatzs. 5. Analyze the alternatives. 6. Select the bulgestrip alternative. 7. Implement the decision. 8. Establish a control and rating system. 1. Identifying the problems In this step, the problem is thoroughly analysed . There are a couple of questions one should ask when it comes to identifying the shoot for of the decision. * What exactly is the problem? * Why the problem should be solved? Who are the affected parties of the problem? * Does the problem have a deadline or a limited time-line? 2. Identifying decision criteria The well-nigh(prenominal) obviously troubling situations form in an organization stop normally be identified as decision crietria of underlying problems (Table 1). These citeria all indicate that something is wrong with an organization, only if they don’t identify root causes. A favored autobus doesn’t just attack the decision criteria but he works to uncover the factors that cause. TABLE 1| Identifying Decision Criteria| Criteria | Underlying Problem|\r\nLow cyberspace and/or declining sales| Poor market look| High be| Poor design process; poorly trained employees| Low morale| privation of communication between management and subordinates| High emp loyee overturn| Rate of pay too low; problem design not suitable| High judge of absenteeism| Employees believe that they are not valued| | 3. Allocating weights to criteria ap sitement a weight to individually item places the items in the correct priority order of their importance in the decision-making process. 4. Developing alternatives Time pressures frequently cause a private instructor to move forward after considering only the first or most obvious answers.\r\nHowever, masteryful problem solving requires thorough examination of the challenge, and a quick answer may not number in a permanent source. Thus, a four-in-hand should think through and investigate several alternative solutions to a single problem before making a quick decision. One of the surmount cognize modes for developing alternatives is through cogitate, where a theme works unneurotic to amaze ideas and alternative solutions. The assumption behind brainstorming is that the group dynamic stimulates thinking †one someone’s ideas, no matter how outrageous, can generate ideas from the others in the group.\r\nIdeally, this spawning of ideas is contagious, and before long, lots of suggestions and ideas flow. Brainstorming usually requires 30 minutes to an hour. The following specific rules should be followed during brainstorming sessions: * Concentrate on the problem at hand. This rule keeps the discussion very specific and avoids the group’s tendency to address the events leading up to the current problem. * Entertain all ideas. In fact, the to a greater extent ideas that comes up, the better. In other words, there are no bad ideas. Encouragement of the group to freely put out all minds on the subject is important.\r\nParticipants should be advance to present ideas no matter how ridiculous they seem, because much(prenominal)(prenominal) ideas may spark a creative thought on the part of someone else. * Refrain from allowing members to label others’ ideas on the spot. All judgments should be deferred until all thoughts are presented, and the group concurs on the best ideas. Although brainstorming is the most common technique to develop alternative solutions, managers can use several other ways to overhaul develop solutions for example: * Nominal group technique.\r\nThis order involves the use of a highly structured meeting, get along with an agenda, and restricts discussion or interpersonal communication during the decision-making process. This technique is useful because it ensures that every group member has able input in the decision-making process. It also avoids some of the pitfalls, such as pressure to conform, group dominance, hostility, and conflict, that can beset a more interactive, spontaneous, unstructured forum such as brainstorming. 5. Analyzing alternatives The purpose of this step is to decide the relational merits of to each one idea.\r\nManagers must identify the advantages and disadvantages of each al ternative solution before making a lowest decision. Evaluating the alternatives can be done in many ways. Here are a few possibilities: * learn the pros and cons of each alternative. * Perform a cost-benefit analysis for each alternative. * Weight each factor important in the decision, ranking each alternative relative to its office to meet each factor, and then multiply by a probability factor to provide a final value for each alternative. Regardless of the method used, a manager needs to evaluate each alternative in terms of its * Feasibility †potty it be done? Effectiveness †How well does it solving the problem situation? * Consequences †What will be its costs (financial and nonfinancial) to the organization? 6. Selecting an alternatives After a manager has analyze all the alternatives, she must decide on the best one. The best alternative is the one that produces the most advantages and the few serious disadvantages. Sometimes, the selection process can be fairly straightforward, such as the alternative with the most pros and fewest cons. Other times, the optimal solution is a combination of several alternatives. Sometimes, though, the best alternative may not be obvious.\r\nThat’s when a manager must decide which alternative is the most viable and effective, coupled with which carries the lowest costs to the organization. (See the preceding section. ) opportunity estimates, where analysis of each alternative’s chances of success takes place, often come into play at this point in the decision-making process. In those cases, a manager only when selects the alternative with the highest probability of success. 7. Implementing the alternative Managers are remunerative to make decisions, but they are also gainful to get results from these decisions. Positive results must follow decisions.\r\nEveryone knobbed with the decision must know his or her determination in ensuring a successful outcome. To make certain(p) that e mployees understand their roles, managers must thoughtfully devise programs, procedures, rules, or policies to help aid them in the problem-solving process. 8. Evaluating decision metier Even the most experienced business possessors can learn from their mistakes. Always monitor the results of strategic decisions you make as a small business owner; be ready to adapt your plan as necessary, or to switch to another potential solution if your chosen solution does not work out the way you expected.\r\nConclusion When it comes to making decisions, one should invariably weigh the positive and negative business consequences and should favour the positive outcomes. This avoids the possible losses to the organization and keeps the go with running with a sustained growth. Sometimes, avoiding decision-making seems easier; specially, when we get into a lot of confrontation after making the grueling decision. But, making the decisions and accepting its consequences is the only way to cling in control of our corporate life and time.\r\n'

'African American Essay Essay\r'

'Afri fag American writings is captivating, powerful, spiritual, and emotional. The recurring theme is slaveholding besides thither are early(a)s such as inequality among sexes and races, injustice, resent handst, and the strong belief in religion. These flip-flops of literature shit been told by the individuals who went through the look of sla precise such as Frederick Douglass and others, like Jamaica Kincaid who obtain a passion for writing. The writers who experienced slavery themselves had differing views of their experience and consanguinity with their overshadow.\r\nThese pieces of literature share the pain, strength, studytache and exit to go that each of these individuals experienced. The first aiming is, To My Old Master, by Jourdan Anderson. This piece of literature is Anderson’s response to a letter he has received from his old maitre d. It is a compelling story roughly how solemn and bad the Whites daintyed the African Americans. The master wantà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Anderson and his family to come back and work for him. He reminds the master about how poorly they were enured while operative for him.\r\nAnderson states, â€Å"Although you shot at me twice before I left you, I did non want to hear of your being hurt, and am glad you are whitewash life sentence. ” (1865, p. 15). Anderson tells the master that he is making money and his family is living and doing well. He even expresses that his children are receiving an education now. It is very apparent to the reader that Anderson’s wife does not want to return and work for the master. â€Å"Mandy says she would be terrified to go back without some proof that you were wedded to treat us justly and kindly; and we meet concluded to test your sincerity by intercommunicate you to send us our wages for the time we served you.\r\n” (1865, p. 16). Anderson remembers how dreadfully the woman and girls were treated, and he will never brook his daughters to go thro ugh that experience. â€Å"I would stay here and starve- and die, if it come to that- than to have my girls brought to shame by the madness and wickedness of their young masters. ” (1865, p. 16) The end of the story the reader still feels Anderson’s resentment and bitterness toward the master. The nigh story and the one piece I enjoyed the virtually is, â€Å"White Folks Treated Us unattackable” by Marriah Hines. Hines states, â€Å"My white people treated us decent.\r\n” (p. 32). She goes onto further explain how her master feed, dressed, and kept them well. Hines explains how terrible master’s treated other slaves. â€Å" whatsoever un favourable individuals practically have nothing to eat. Why, the mode their owners treated them was disgraceful treated them like felines and canines” (Hines, p. 32). Hines sounds fortunate and lucky to have worked for her master. The master gave the slaves Sunday arrive at to rest and even allowed the m to attend Church. Unlike other slaves Hines was never raped, beaten, or treated in a physical horrible air.\r\nThe compelling part of this piece occured when the slaves were allowed to leave; most of them choose to stay. â€Å"Most of us stayed right there and raised our own crops. ” (p. 34). Hines knew of her license but believed in her loyalty to her master and his family. The master provided her with assistance and support. A rare occurrence to read an African American piece of literature that speaks of a master in a positive and reverential manner. This master was a different man of his time. He did not take advantage of his slaves or treat them in a horrendous manner.\r\nThis master use his slaves to care and run his property but treated them with respect and dignity, they deserved. Hines went onto, marry Benjamin F. Hines and give support to five children. The last piece of literature is, â€Å"If We must Die” by Claude McKay. This poem is about how atroc iously and disgusting Whites treated African Americans. It is written about the race riots in 1919. It describes the strength of the African Americans standing(a) up to the Whites even if it ultimately meant dying. McKay states, â€Å"Like men we’ll face the murderous, cowardly pack, pressed to the wall, dying but fighting back!\r\n” (p. 378). This poem exemplifies the bravery and the will to fight for what is right otherwise these people would have been beaten and killed for the rest of their lives. There will forever and a day be a presence of racism in the world and specifically in the United States of America. dormant today African Americans are treated equally as Whites. Although we as a country have come a very long way there is still work to be done. The more we educate people the less we will experience ignorance. The hate and the idea of inferiority will soggy diminish if people become educated.\r\nI can end proudly stating that I am hook up with to a Bl ack man and we have cardinal beautiful daughters, and I give an enormous come up of respect to those who fought for what was right. References Anderson, J. (1865). To my old master. In I. Reed (Ed. ), African American Literature. Abrief introduction and anthology (pp. 15-16). New York: The Longman literaryMosaic Series. [serial online]. December 2005;36(4):299-323. addressable from:Academic look Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed May 23, 2011. Hines, M. (n. d. ). My white tribe treated us good.\r\nIn I. Reed (Ed. ), African Americanliterature. A brief introduction and anthology (pp. 21-25). New York: TheLongman Literary Mosaic Series. [serial online]. December 2005;36(4):299-323. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed May 21,2011. McKay, C. (n. d. ). If we must die. In I. Reed (Ed. ), African American literature. Abriefintroduction and anthology (pp. 378). New York: The Longman LiterarySeries[serial online]. December 2005;36(4):299-323. Available from: Aca demicSearchComplete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed Dec, 2011.\r\n'

'Effects of Nitrogen on Pea Plants\r'

'personal make OF NITROGEN FIXING pea bring im make up PLANTS (Pisum sativum) ON GROWTH OF lemon (Zea mays)? Introduction Interactions among congeal species, oddly negative unrivaleds, open been a concern in culture (Levene 1926, Russell 1961). Novoa (1981) suggested that it would be advantageous to go around certain crops by season, learn certain crops together, or neutralise arriveing certain crops on the same land. Observations indic beatd that slightly crops contract specific lawsuits of nutrients in transmission melodic phrase to other crop species, and sics within the leguminous plant Family actually â€Å" beat” nutrients, for example northward, within border grimes. nitrogen is a key plant nutrient, and has been shown to be some(prenominal) append plant proceeds and training (Russell 1961), and is often lacking(p) in many westbound U. S. demesnes (Novoa 1981). Thus Legumes could provide mettlesome community trophic â€Å" expedien cy” (Aprison et al. 1954, Hiroshi 2010). The common pea plant (Pisum sativum), a member of the Legume family, and a robust exogen f overturning plant (i. e. , an Angiosperm) autochthonal to the western U. S. , enjoys a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria (Hiroshi 2010).These bacteria g line in spite of appearance nodules located on the grow of pea plants and convert atmospherical nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NO3-), which is a molecular form the pea plant, and neighboring plants, dismiss utilize for numerous physiological functions (including business of DNA, proteins, and plant hormones (Russell 1961, Novoa 1981, Hiroshi 2010). It has become a common practice to prove crops within fields, alternating Legumes with non-homogeneous other plant species to take for high soil nitrogen levels.Our inquiry was conducted in the BIO170 science lab (107 Lewis antechamber, tonne State University [MSU]), and was center on potential prepargons of pea plants on the reaping and development of clavus (Zea mays). Our target was to vary evolution environments, with some plants of different species type liberal in closing propinquity, on a lower floor the same conditions, and other treatments with atomic number 53 plant species, thus allowing us to address the primary look questions: Will the charge of pea plants, in approximate propinquity to lemon yellow, positively affect edible gamboge whiskey bust summit, stand aloofness, agitate crowd, and overall seedling harvest-festival ate? We formulated the primary search question into the following lump hypotheses: H1: pea plants integraly bounteous in make full proximity to clavus plants pass on change magnitude the circus tent of the edible feed whiskey plants; H2: pea plants bad in close proximity to edible maize plants exit plus the calm down length of the edible clavus whisky plants; H3: pea plants enceinte in close proximity to lemon plants will increase th e learn voltaic pile of the corn plants; and H4: pea plants bragging(a) in close proximity to corn plants will increase the seedling ripening range of corn plants. For each say inquiry hypothesis (i. e. H1 thru H4), the worthless (H0) hypothesis was: the presence of pea plants growing in close proximity to corn plants will have no effect on the corn plant response variables (i. e. , shoot acme, setation length, shoot battalion, and overall seedling process rate). The explanatory, or treatment variable, in all cases, was presence or absence of a pea plant within the return cadres of our mensuratement units (see below). Methods The plant essays were conducted in Lewis Hall, room 107, on the campus of Montana State University. The lab’s room temperature is typically 65 to 70 degrees F (celsius descale thermometer).We set up our experiment in the NW shoetree of the lab on the counter. We utilise three polyurethane maturation trays (Carolina biologic Supply C ompany, Savannah, GA), where each tray contained 36 mobile phones 15cm X 10 cm X 10 cm (depth). Each cell was filled with organic soil to the rim of the cell (soil type: Sunshine Mix; set out Growth Center, MSU). Each growth tray was divided into 2 sections, with 18 cells containing two corn plants; and 18 cells each containing one Alaska admixture pea plant and one corn plant; for a total of 108 corn plants but and 54 corn plants braggy with pea plants.All seeds were in any case obtained from Carolina biological Supply Company. The trays were placed to a lower place full spectrum UV grow lights ( besides from Carolina Supply Co. , Model: XPV-230 Lum. ), and get 12 hours of light per daytime ( apply a light timekeeper [Home Depot: Model ISZ210/120). We pose seeds at 0. 5 column inch depth, and maintained moist (but not â€Å"wet” or muddy) soil for 3 days, or until the bombardment of sprouting. We utilised tap water, with virtually 50 ml per growth cell each morning time and evening during germination. After germination, we decrease watering to 50 ml once per day, typically in the late afternoon (to acilitate long availability of water per cell and prevent drying). After 10 days, when seedlings were sound established, we increase quotidian water to 100 ml per cell. After 2 weeks of seedling growth, we began beat the response variables, including height of shoot (soil level to apical tip) using a standard metric unit ruler, and the Precision Balance (room 106) to measure mass to the nearest 0. 01 grams. We compared height, and mass using mean value per treatment, including the standard deviation to task variation. We used percent growth per week as an evaluate of growth â€Å"rate”. melodic themes were washed, and then(prenominal) dried, prior to mass measurement. Results The reasonable shoot height (Fig. 1) of corn expectant in close proximity to pea plants, compared to the height of the corn big(p) alone, indicated t hat pea plants may have increased the height of neighboring corn. At the end of three weeks, the ordinary height of corn heavy(p) with peas was 35. 4 cm, whereas corn plant grown alone reached an comely height of approximately 33 cm, which represented a 6. 78% deflection amongst treatments (Fig. 1). prototype 1. Average height of corn plants grown in Lewis Hall Lab 107 (MSU).The upper line was on the graph shows the height of corn grown with peas. The lower line represents the corn grown alone. common fig tree 2. Shows average root mass (dry weight) of corn in the two treatments, i. e. , with or without the presence of Pea marks. The average mass of the corn grown with peas was 1. 2 grams while the average mass of the corn alone was 1. 07 grams. This represents a 10. 8% difference in the midst of treatments (Fig. 2). Figure 3. Average root length of corn plants surrounded by treatments. Our observation result withal showed that average root length for corn grown with peas was 11. 5 cm and the length for corn grown alone to be 9. 69 cm, a 16. 8% difference between treatments. Figure 4 shows germination rank for the two treatments, with 37% increase per week for corn grown with peas, slightly high than the corn grown alone (35. 2%). dodge 1 shows the heterogeneous percent differences between the two treatments, and in each contrast, the value for corn grown with peas was greater than corn grown alone. watchword Overall, in summarizing our key results, we discovered corn grown with peas showed a trend of 6. 78% taller and 10. % heavier than corn grown alone. We also spy the roots of corn grown with peas were on average, 16. 8% durable than the roots of corn grown alone. Finally, we bring that the corn grown with peas had a 4. 86% high germination rate than corn alone. Figure 4. Average germination rate of corn plants estimated between treatments. Table 1. Percent difference between the treatment, showing increases in all variables in treatmen t with both plants together. Height6. 78% Mass10. 80% Root length16. 80% germination rate4. 86% Our results, reviewed together (e. . , Table 1), strongly suggested that our ideas concerning facilitation were correct, and supported our research hypotheses that corn grown with peas would be taller, heavier, have longer roots, and have a high germination rate than corn grown alone. Upon reflection, we believed that it made sense that the corn grown with peas raceed to outperform the corn grown alone for the variables we tested, because all the way nitrogen is an essential dower of chlorophyll (Tam 1935), aminic irates, ATP, and nucleic acid (Levine 1926).Since pea plants are nitrogen methadons, their presence increases the amount of utile nitrogen in the soil. Thus, the corn grown with the peas would have had more than nitrogen available to it to help in the drudgery of chlorophyll, amino acids, ATP, and nucleic acid, all of which probably aid the corn growth, mass, and als o the higher germination rate (percent) that we observed.Furthermore, our results tend to agree with other research findings, for example a reckon presented at the 2010 World recounting of dirty Science found that corn rotated with soy, also a nitrogen fixer (Aprison 1954), tended to grow taller and have higher yields than corn rotated with corn (Yin 2010). Another pack found that along with the correct row spacing and plant density, corn plants grew best when given operate levels of nitrogen (Cox 2000).Further, a study done in europium noted that nitrogen insufficiency in plants tended to inhibit plant growth and rates of photosynthesis (Zhao 2005, Bradshaw et. al 2010, Cox et al. 2010). The positive set up nitrogen has on plants are well documented and have been studied for decades, but we think of our replications of pea plant facilitated growth were well worth the efforts, and also allowed us to see first-hand, how experiments can be powerful tools for training and for confirmation of research ideas.It is well known by both plant scientists and amateur backyard gardeners that plants take away nitrogen to grow to their full potential, so perhaps our utilization offered little new information, but it was still quite engrossing to conduct the research, learn the move of the scientific process, and apply them ourselves, quite a than simply read round experimentation. Those wishing to grow corn, or other important, or popular house plants, might use our outcomes to enhance growth production of desired species. Literature Cited Aprison, M. H. , W. E. Magee, and R. H. Burris. 954. â€Å" newton Fixitation by Excised Soybean Root Nodules. ” journal of Biological chemistry 208 (1954): 29-39. Bradshaw, A. D. , M. J. Chadwick, D. Jowett, and R. W. Snaydon. 1964. â€Å"Experimental Investigations into the Mineral victual of Several Grass Species: IV. nitrogenLevel. ” journal of Ecology 52. 3 (1964): 665-76. Cox, William J. , and Debbi e J. R. Cherney. â€Å" lyric Spacing, make Density, and Nitrogen cause on Corn Silage. ” 2000. Argonomy Journal 93. 3: 597-602. Kunstman, James L. , and E. capital of Minnesota Lichtenstein. â€Å"Effects of Nutrient Deficiencies in Corn puts on the in Vivo and in Vitro Metabolism of [14C]diazinon. ” Journal of untaught and Food alchemy 27. 4 (1979): 770-74. Levine, P. A. â€Å"On the Nitrogenous Components of yeast Nucleic Acid. ” Journal of Biological Chemistry 67 (1926): 325-27. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. Novoa, R. , and R. S. Loomis. â€Å"Nitrogen and whole shebang Production. ” Plant and Soil 58 (1981): 177-204. Russell, Edward J. Soil Conditions and Plant Growth. 8th ed. [London]: Longmans, 1961. subject Library. Tam, R. K. , and O. C. Magistad. 1935. â€Å"Relationship Between Nitrogen Fertilization And\r\nRelated slip: Disadvantages of Plants Living on LandChlorophyll satisfy In Pineapple Plants. ” Plant Physiology 10. 1 (1935): 159-68. Yin, Xinhua, Angela McClure, and Don Tyler. 2010. â€Å"Relationships of Plant Height and Canopy NDVI with Nitrogen Nutrition and. ” Lecture. World congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World. Brisbane. 1-6 Aug. 2010. International nub of Soil Sciences. Zhao, D. , K. Reddy, V. Kakani, and V. Reddy. 2005. â€Å"Nitrogen inadequateness Effects on Plant Growth, Leaf Photosynthesis, and Hyperspectral Reflectance Properties of Sorghum. ” European Journal of Agronomy 22. 4 (2005): 391-403.\r\n'