'Attitude Formation\r'

' stead FormationCCSF, Shardlow In Social Psychology statuss are outlined as domineering or negative evaluations of marks of thought. statuss typically have three comp one and only(a)nts. • The cognitive helping is do up of the thoughts and beliefs plurality hold about the object of the attitude. • The affective component consists of the emotional tone of voiceings stimulated by the object of the attitude. • The behavioral component consists of predispositions to act in certain ways toward an attitude object. The object of an attitude outhouse be anything people have opinions about.Therefore, roundone people, chemical groups of people, institutions, products, social trends, consumer products, etc. all put up be attitudinal objects. • Attitudes drive social judgments. They are both for, or against, pro, or con, positive, or negative; however, it is possible to be ambivalent about the attitudinal object and have a mix of positive and negative fe elings and thoughts about it. • Attitudes involve a shootiness (or predisposition) to respond; however, for a material body of reasons we don’t always act on our attitudes. • Attitudes vary along dimensions of strength and accessibility.Strong attitudes are very cardinal to the individual and bleed to be long-lived and have a powerful impact on behavior, whereas weak attitudes are not very important and have little impact. Accessible attitudes come to backsheesh quickly, whereas other attitudes may rarely be noticed. • Attitudes unravel to be stable over time, but a number of factors can cause attitudes to smorgasbord. • Stereotypes are astray held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group. • A prejudice is an arrogant belief, or feeling, directed toward a group of people or its individual members.Prejudices can be each positive or negative; however, the term is usually used to refer to a negative attitude held toward members of a group. Prejudice may lead to discrimination, which involves behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group. Psychological factors involved in Attitude Formation and Attitude Change 1. Direct counseling involves being told what attitudes to have by parents, schools, community organizations, unearthly doctrine, friends, etc. 2. Operant Conditioning is a childly form of learning. It is based on the â€Å"Law of case” and involves voluntary responses.Behaviors (including verbal behaviors and maybe even thoughts) tend to be repeated if they are reinforce (i. e. , followed by a positive bonk). Conversely, behaviors tend to be stop when they are punished (i. e. , followed by an un nice experience). Thus, if one expresses, or acts out an attitude toward some group, and this is reinforced by one’s peers, the attitude is fortify and is likely to be expressed again. The financial backing can b e as subtle as a smile or as obvious as a raise in salary. Operant learn is especially involved with the behavioral component of attitudes. 3. classical teach is another simple form of learning. It involves instinctive responses and is acquired by the pairing of two stimuli. Two events that repeatedly cash in ones chips close together in time bring fused and before long the somebody responds in the same way to both events. Originally study by Pavlov, the physical process requires an unconditioned foreplay (UCS) that produces an involuntary (reflexive) response (UCR). If a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired, either very dramatically on one occasion, or repeatedly for several acquisition trials, the neutral stimulus leave lead to the same response provoke by the unconditioned stimulus.At this point the stimulus is no longer neutral and so is referred to as a conditioned stimulus (CS) and the response has now exit a learned response and so is referred to as a conditioned respo nse (CR). In Pavlov’s research the UCS was meat powder which led to an UCR of salivation. The NS was a bell. At first the bell elicited no response from the dog, but eventually the bell solo caused the dog to salivate. Advertisers create positive attitudes towards their products by presenting winning models in their ads. In this case the model is the UCS and our response to him, or her, is an automatic positive response.The product is the superior NS which through pairing comes to elicit a positive conditioned response. In a similar fashion, pleasant or unhappy experiences with members of a particular group could lead to positive or negative attitudes toward that group. Classical conditioning is especially involved with the emotional, or affective, component of attitudes. 4. Social (Observational) Learning is based on modeling. We accompany others. If they are getting reinforced for certain behaviors or the expression of certain attitudes, this serves as vicarious reinf orcement and makes it more ikely that we, too, will behave in this look or express this attitude. Classical conditioning can also occur vicariously through ceremonial occasion of others. 5. Cognitive Dissonance exists when related cognitions, feelings or behaviors are inconsistent or contradictory. Cognitive racquet creates an unpleasant state of tension that motivates people to reduce their dissonance by changing their cognitions, feeling, or behaviors. For example, a mortal who rifles out with a negative attitude toward marihuana will experience cognitive dissonance if they start smoking marijuana and find themselves enjoying the experience.The dissonance they experience is thus likely to motivate them to either change their attitude toward marijuana, or to stop using marijuana. This process can be conscious(p), but often occurs without conscious awareness. 6. Unconscious Motivation. Some attitudes are held because they serve some unconscious function for an individual. For example, a person who is be by his homosexual feelings may employ the falsification mechanism of reaction formation and baffle a crusader against homosexuals.Or, someone who feels inferior may feel somewhat better by putting low-spirited a group other than her own. Because it is unconscious, the person will not be aware of the unconscious demand at the time it is operative, but may become aware of it as some later point in time. 7. Rational Analysis involves the careful advisement of evidence for, and against, a particular attitude. For example, a person may carefully listen to the presidential debates and read opinions of political experts in order to decide which view to vote for in an election.\r\n'