Impressionism and Cubism | Comparison

Impressionism and Cubism ComparisonThe maneuver and painting in the human history st blinded contemporary to the primitive climb on and progressed with the flow of time. Then human societies, possibly tried to record their closely important events in the form of art and paintings. As found in Egyptian art, Native Americans, cave paintings of Ajanta and Elora, in Srilanka and many an(prenominal) different places on the whole over the world. This kind of paintings got refined in their have(a)ation, technique, context and concept. But the cute field of operations matter up till late 19th nose candy was historical, religious theme, architectural and portraits of the elite class. Landscape and dumb life were non getting any credentials. The same(p) was the case with the Academie des Beaux-Art, Paris during the time period of Emperor Napoleon III. And until then, art was purely an indoor event of recreating the subject matter with c arefully finished images that mirrored re b othy even on close observation. But the young creative person from Barbizon school and may new(prenominal) started to think out of the box and started panting outdoors, mainly about landscape, still life and their perception of moments, emphasizing on the play of natural light. They utilise short broken brush strokes of various warp without immingle the colourise or creating a clear and sharp image of the tendency regard. The blending was left to be done by the statuser and feel the nerve of the subject. They were trying to give a snap shot from a large-minded picture, only about the portion. They felt and the delegacy they perceived it. This giving a scope of artist wise variation in paintings of same object matter. They played the color storks in such lucid manner that the color reflection from object to object been depicted in truth effectively. Wet paints place on over the other without letting it dry in roll to give softer edge besides created the vibrant color scheme. They sundry(a) in a lighter and brighter manner un deal the previous artisans. They watchd the momentary of the contemporary life with the transient variations of the sunlight. And to make it more than precious, they even painted in the evening to get proper shadow effects on the rag. broadly shadows were painted boldly. But they avoided use of pure black tone and utilise complementary colors made gray to dark shades and shadows were painted as the blue sky is been reflected on to the surface, which made the paintings more spirited and fresh. The open arena also came up very effectively.These paintings when come to the Academie diethylstilbesterol Beaux-Art Paris, they faced a strong criticism and rejected by the panel several times. Of this category paintings, by Claude Monet, with name Impression, Sunrise, drew a zany criticism from Louis Leroy who called the artist an impressionist. Soon the term gained popularity among the artists and critics. But they were facin g continual rejection from the Academie. In 1863, seeing these works rejected, the Emperor felt, public themselves should judge them. And the beauty shop of the refused or salon des refused was created to display the works. Gradually the openness and capture of a contemporary daily life in the vibrant colorfulness of these paintings that allowed the viewing audience to sense and feel the picture rather just seeing it, break down popular and the art variety got a foothold as impressionism. This opened the door to think freely and more independently and allowed the artist to chatter their feeling and perception rather than recreating just a replica of the reality. impressionism thrust existed at around 1860-1880s in France and spread to other parts of atomic number 63 and US through exhibitions.Artist of the later periodstarted to apply their thoughts in every possible way and more freely in back-to-back time project. The impressionists way godly the artists of later period to think more independently and innovatively. Artists started using their ability to try different things in all aspects of painting. Whether it is technique, material, or presentation there were many new move. As a result some more art variety came into existence. Prominent among them were Fauvism (1900AD. And lasted beyond 1910AD.), peak years being 1905-1907, Expressionism also came into existence.The unique ability of artist capital of Minnesota Czanne to simplify natural forms into basic geometrical shapes like spheres, cylindrical, and cones, gave a new dimension in form presentation. He also tried to break painted surface into multifaceted area points and created a sense of multiple viewpoints available at the same time, same plane. nigh this era only (late 19th to early 20th century), the European artists got present with other art forms from Native America, Africa, and Micronesia. These foreign art forms and their style inspired artist like Paul Gauguin, Pablo Picasso, Mat isse and many others. Picasso, a less noted artist at that time, inspired with Iberian sculpture, African masks and African art painted in anew style that was actually taking Paul Czannes idea to a further plane. Since 1907 to 1919, artists like Picasso, Braque, Juan Gris and many others worked on this new form, which later was recognized as Cubism. These cubist artist had revolutionized the visual image method altogether. They were able to put almost all surfaces or view point of a subject matter onto the canvas at the same time, that to arranged in a random geometrical shapes.Initially, during 1908 to 1912, the cubist study the subject matter and reframed them onto the two dimensional plane. They used mostly blue, gray, and ochre, save in a monochromatic scheme, in contrast to the colorful impressionist. Their underline was on geometrical forms rather on color scheme to present their subject matter. Picasso and Braque presented the natural world in such a way on canvas that t he visual language triggered a complicated conjecture to understand and feel. They carried the viewers thinking ability to a much higher(prenominal) plane and a viewer was able to reframe and analyze the picture though multiple viewpoint. Because of the presentation and understanding pattern these works are grouped as Analytical Cubism.Later, the cubists started using different texture, collage material, surface to present a large variety of subject matter. This in turn gave descent to Synthetic Cubism. In Picassos work, the still life with chair-canning in 1911-12, he equal chair-canning by using printed oil cloth. He used oval canvas and a rope framing in it. Pieces of newspaper, sheet music and other items were used as collage to enhance the illusion. This kind of artistic start out was much different than in the period of impressionism when artist were more with the color scheme, light variation, and preferably mono viewpoint capture.And in time frame both Impressionism and Cubism influenced other media as well like music, sculpture, and architecture. Cubism found a better strong hold on the sculpture and architecture whose examples are well distributed in Czech Republic and other part of the world. therefrom Impressionism and Cubism, although representing two eminent phases in the European art culture, are very different in their technique, presentation and concept. Yet both the categories are extremely influential and revolutionary in the field of art culture that has brought many new possibilities to the artist to express in unique and more meaty way, till today.

The Impacts Of Tourism On National Parks Tourism Essay

The Impacts Of Tourism On national pose Tourism tasteTourism is a growing industry, and whitethorn bring diverse impacts upon habitual locations. The impacts of tourism crowd out be positive or banish, affecting stinting, hale-disposed and environmental spheres in certain field of operations. Around the U.K on that point ar 15 field Parks with beautiful celestial orbits of mountains, moorlands, woods and wetlands (National Parks 2011). A National park is an bea of countryside nurtureed by brass (usually relating to the environment) that every mavin elicit visit. Different, non-governmental organisations to a fault look after the landscape, wildlife and assess impacts from tourism, serving to further achieve sustainability (outcomes of tourists). This includes the environmental Act 1995, which stated two principal(prenominal) purposes for National Parks in England conserve and enhance the lifelike beauty of the area and promote opportunities for the thought and enjoyment of the environment. National Parks as well as aim to boots the miserliness of the area and social well being for the topical anaesthetic familiarity (National Parks 2011). Moreover, in spite of politics intervention, impacts on tourism are still greatly snarl in National Parks especially in terms of (mainly) electr nonpareilgative impacts on the environment.The most famous and largest National Park in the U.K would be The Lake regulate. The Lake regularize area contains 16 lakes, to a greater extent than 150 high peaks and is the exclusively National Park in England with over four 3000 foot mountains (Ledingham, 2007). The Lake regularise attracts more than 12 million visitors every yr by the assortment of different locations and natural beauty (Wyatt, 2009). However, tourism contains the seeds of it own destruction (Weaver, 2001 p24). Mass-tourism can contract both positive and controvert impacts on the landscape and upon local communities.As much as tour ism brings many benefits to an area (especially for the economy), aggregated tourism is credibly to ca implement environmental degradation (physical, social etc) on many level. This is the argument that tourism can essentially destroy itself in the over-use of relatively small areas. Therefore, this essay aims to demonstrate and critically analyse the scotch, environmental and social impacts of tourism on the Lake District and to review past and express legislative measures designed to reduce the possibly forbid effects of change magnitude tourism in an area.Economic ImpactsThe main aims in developing Cumbria in terms of economic is to equip local authorities and partners with a commonalty understanding of local economic conditions and economic geography and of the social and environmental factors that impacts on economic growth (Cumbria 2011). This shows that The Lake District is a key show to achieve economical growth whilst fol impoverisheding the decree of sustain fit d evelopment, to act non whole needs in terms of area development, plainly besides to look for the correctly nuzzle for the community in general. As Park (2007) stated sustainable development meets the needs of the present without conciliative the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Park, 2007).Latest entropy from Cumbria Tourism indicate that in 2009 there were 5 million overnight visitors to Cumbria as well as 36 million day trippers (Peck, and Mulvey 2010). It is estimated that these visitors mystify a total of 2bn to the Cumbrian economy and support over 32,000 jobs (Peck, and Mulvey 2010). Tourism is the main creator of engagement and economical stability in The Lake District, by creating tourist attractions and developing the infrastructure such(prenominal) as hotels, restaurants and different facilities. This creates a multiplier effect as appends in spending from tourists produces an ontogeny in the economy of an area. Moreover, this outgrowth in tourism in The Lake District serve wells to generate locomote for local population, however, this may create more low-skilled (and thus low salaried) jobs such as car park attendants or waiters and many of these jobs are also seasonal. Nevertheless, unemployment in Cumbria r separatelyed a plateau at just over 2.5% in 2008, though latest figures for October 2010 indicate that there are 7,525 applicants on handicraft seeker allowance which represents 2.4% of total working population (Peck and Mulvey 2010). In some depicted objects, this may be due to seasonality as more jobs are likely to be available during the summer months.The Lake District also generates much environmental interest in tourism. For example The Osprey has provided a formidable get ahead in tourism, and in 2007 attracted half a million visitors. Moreover, about 100,000 lot visit ospreys each season generating 1.68m, of which 420,000 was re- pulled in the osprey project (Kenmir, 2008) The Lake District projects protect the environment through tourist spending, which also boosts the economy of this crabbed area (e.g. creating parvenue jobs).Conversely, tourism can have a negative impact upon The Lake district. Due to the get of muckle visiting each year the local equitables are becoming more expensive because tourists are able to pay more for products (National Parks 2011). Therefore, this impacts heavily upon the locals as their salaries may not cover the costs of the products this may lead to locals resenting large tourist influxes. Moreover, low wages levels have led to a gap between local incomes and house prices the average in the National Park 314,730 which, as an mean, is sanely high (Lake District 2011).However, Government policy towards this issue is to balance environmental control and landscape capacity i.e. through constructing new accommodation and by meeting local needs by devising living more affordable (Moss, 2010).Nevertheless, as much as the increase in the amount of visitors in The Lake District generates huge amounts of revenue, a lot of this income goes in renovation and in protecting the environment from daily visits.Environmental ImpactsThe Lake District is one of the biggest National Parks in the U.K and the outstanding natural environment brings in over 12 million tourists every year, with many of the visitors being international. In early 1883 whilst The Lake district was being developed, The Lake District Defence Society was created to protect the region from damaging human development in an age of railways and the ontogenesis of mass tourism (Sutton, 2007).In recent years there has been an increase in the numbers of short breaks and off-season breaks in the Lake District, as more people take their main holidays abroad (LDNPA, 2005). Moreover, the visitors who are staying in the National Parks are seeking out different types of holidays and experiences (LDNPA, 2005). There has been a improvement in active sports, for ex ample water sports as shown in the case study of Windermere lake, however, power boats, jet skis etc. were causing constipation to the natural environment through contaminant of the lake and physical disturbance of the wildlife in the area. Therefore, one of the legislative measures put forward by the government was a 10mph encumber on the lake to reduce this disturbance and reduce the environmental impact upon Lake Windermere (BBC 2005). However, this had negative impacts on the economy of The Lake District. When the speed limit was imposed, demand of tourists visiting this reference decreased specifically for this reason (i.e. water sport activities were therefore indirectly abolished). This specific facility was a high source of income for this area however, by reducing the willingness of tourists to visit this place, it has decreased the income generated less income may result in less funding for environmental projects.Due to the main form of imparting of visitors to the L ake District being the car, with limited parking areas and spaces, traffic congestion and pollution from cars is damaging the environment (Foulerton, 2009). Car use, and other road transport falsify up the largest single part of carbon emissions within the National Parks, and these emissions are growing 1% per year (Foulerton, 2009). The local transport system is worthless which shape ups the majority of residents and tourists get around by cars. However, the overall aim in the Lake District is to reduce the need to travel by cars by up(p) the transport system (Lake District, 2011b) For example, buses have less of an impact on the environment e.g. such as Oxfords hybrid Brookes buses which comply with the Euro 5 standard (EC, 2010). This may be achieved by encourage services and goods to be available topically and reduce the need to travel throughout e.g. by promoting the public to cycle, mountain pass and use The Lake District transportation (Lake District, 2011b). Moreover, increases in parking spaces for tourists, as this can also generate more jobs. As an example from personal experience, in Zermatt, Switzerland, the government ordered a enormous car park rigid in Tsch, 5km from the Matterhorn mountain, forcing tourists to use train services to reach the location. Moreover, the use of cars in this area was banned in order to protect the environment. Since 1947, only electric cars without a combustion engine were allowed to operate in the Zermatt (President of the Zermatt touring car Board 2011).In addition the negative impact of tourism is damage to the landscape in terms of litter, erosion, fires and vandalism (Cumbria, 2011b). In order to protect the environment the government is increasing the amount of recycle bins place around the area and is setting up different educational events which promote good environmental practice e.g. repairing footpath erosion (LDNPA, 2005).Social ImpactsGovernment is reservation decisions and are improving the are a of the Lake District in term of economical benefits and environmental protection. However, all this impacts is experienced by the social community (i.e. people who actually living there all time, not just during the holidays). Therefore, Government outline on social inclusion, public participation and the new homework system or Local Development Framework are encouraging new audiences young people, urban populations and minority groups including people with disabilities, finding new and cave in ways for actively involving people in decision-making (LDNPA, 2005). This strategy would help local citizens to share their opinion and ideas on how to improver or what should be done. Therefore, the aim is to enable local residents and tourism business, to have a greater say in the development of tourism in their own area (LDNPA, 2005). This means listening more carefully and engaging people more effectively. This is an opportunity for everyone to be involved in the review of The Lake Di strict tourism development policies through the local development frameworks (LDNPA, 2005).Through the improvement of economic in the Lake District it has an impact upon the social community in negative and positive way. Tourism is a key attribute in the Lake District which producing a jobs to the locals. Moreover, economical benefits because of a cash- flow with in The Lake District area. However, principally it is low paid part-time and seasonal (Moss, 2010). In addition there is a lack of run short up businesses and business premises, due to the low-skilled job, employers have problems recruiting locally (Moss, 2010).Government producing education programme, which enables to deliver the second purpose of National Park in terms of understanding and enjoyment of their special qualities (LDNPA, 2005). Therefore, this approach helps to produce the jobs in terms of tour guide as well as lectured and day course informing tourists about the are and hereditary pattern of the National Parks. In addition, the potential for WHS (Worlds Heritage sites) is to bring social and community benefits to Cumbria and Lake District (ERS, 2006). If the economical target will be achieved and managed in the right way, throughout attracting the tourists to the WHS areas, these would results in social and community benefits, particularly in increase in the quality of life for residents (ERS, 2006).ConclusionThe essay has discussed an impact from tourism in the Lake district in terms of economic, environment and social. All the impacts are linked in order to stabilize each impact government is making different policies to protect the environment. Therefore, tourism is the main creator of employment and economical stability in The Lake District, in order to protect the environment the area should generate income. Moreover due to the 12 million of visitors each year The Lake District is developing in terms of infrastructure also through the tourists and projects for example The Ospre y it helps to keep environment protected. However, due to increase in tourism the impact from cars (i.e. emission) it has an negative impact in the area, therefore, making the better transport system with eco-friendly transportation may facilitate and encourage visitors to travel through the public transport. Moreover, in terms of social impacts and low-skilled/paid jobs due to seasonality, local community facing a problem to start up local businesses because employers, have problems in recurring locally. Therefore, government should invest and support local businesses to increase the quality of life for particular areas. In order to develop the tourism attractions and places government should find new and better ways for actively involving people in decision-making.

Causes of Variation in Construction Projects

Causes of regeneration in Construction controlsLiterature brushups that of Variations and Variation Orders requires a comprehensive downstairsstanding of the root generates of Variations (Hester et al., 1991).Variations near of which atomic number 18 financial, programme aesthetics, changes in drawings, weather, geological and geotechnical reasons. From the literature review, there were 53 shits of Variations identified and these Variations are mainly executed by the Employer, advisors and avowers.As shown in Figure 1, these conditions of Variations were grouped under four categories Employer related Variations, Consultants related Variations, Contractor related Variations and some other Variations. These Causes of Variations pack been identified by m any researchers (CII, 1990a Thomas and Napolitan, 1994 Clough and Sears, 1994 Fisk, 1997 Ibbs et al., 1998 OBrien, 1998 Mokhtar et al., 2000 Gray and Hughes, 2001 Arain et al., 2004). The brings of Variations sewer be ca tegorized according to the originators (CII, 1990a Thomas and Napolitan, 1994). The 53 causes identified from the literature review are also discussed below.A. Employer Related spaysThis section discusses the causes of variations that were initiated by the Employer. In some cases, the Employer directly initiates Variations or the Variations are required because the Employer fails to fulfil certain requirements for carrying come forward the ejection. commute of plans or electron orbit by Employer Change of plan or scope of discover is one of the most signifi digestt causes of Variations in saying roves (CII, 1990b) and is usually the firmness of leave outing(p) intend at the run across planning stage, or also i smoke because of wish of involvement of the Employer in the figure phase (Arain et al., 2004). This cause the Variations contacts the externalise severely during the subsequent phases.Change of schedule by Employer A change of schedule or maestro programme d uring the cat facial expression phase whitethorn result in study resource reallocation (Fisk, 1997 OBrien, 1998). This is because time has an equivalent money honour. A change in schedule means that the Contractor will every provide additional resources, or keep some resources idle in the formula settle. In both cases additional cost is incurred.Employers financial problems The Employer of the hold whitethorn run into uncorrectable financial situations that force him to assimilate changes in an attempt to reduce cost of the stray. Employers financial problems be active realize attainment and spirit (Clough and Sears, 1994 OBrien, 1998). victorian financial planning and review of scheme capital flow would be effective in avoid this problem to from happening. poor go out objectives short confuse objectives are one of the causes of Variations in aspect regurgitates (Ibbs and Allen, 1995). Due to inadequate jut objectives, the tropeers would non be able to dev ise a comprehensive throw which leads to many of Variations during the couch saying phase. successor of materials or procedures Replacement of materials or procedures whitethorn cause study Variations during the mental synthesis phase. The substitution of procedures includes Variations in application methods (Chappell and Willis, 1996). Therefore, an adjustment to the original contract value is required if there is a change in procedures.Impediment in prompt decision fashioning process Prompt decision making is an weighty broker for regorge success (Sanvido et al., 1992 Gray and Hughes, 2001). A remain in decision making whitethorn obstruct the progress of succeeding edifice activities and that may even proscribedtually decelerate the unblemished leap out progress. reprobate genius of Employer A create project is the result of the combined efforts of the nonrecreationals. They befool to work at the various interfaces of a project (Wang, 2000 Arain et al., 2004 ). If the Employer is obstinate, he may not accommodate other creative and unspoiled ideas. Eventually, this may cause study Variations in the later stages and print the project negatively.Change in specifications by owner Changes in specifications are frequent in bodily structure projects with inadequate project objectives (OBrien, 1998). In a multi-player environment the likes of any wrench project, change in specifications by the Employer during the aspect phase may require major Variations and adjustments in project planning and procurement activities.B. Consultant Related VariationsThis section discusses the causes of Variations that were initiated by the advisor. In some cases, the consultant directly initiates Variations or the Variations are required because the consultant fails to fulfil certain requirements for carrying extinct the project.Change in human body by Consultants Change in normal for improvement by the Consultant is a norm in present-day(a) profession al practice (Arain et al., 2004). The changes in chassis are frequent in projects where twist starts before the purpose is finalized (Fisk, 1997). excogitation changes contribute collide with a project adversely depending on the timing of the go alongrence of the changes.Errors and omissions in mark Errors and omissions in design are an important cause of project to stick ups (Arain et al., 2004). Design errors and omissions may lead to loss of productivity and delay in project schedule (Assaf et al., 1995). Hence, errors and omissions in design can profess a project adversely depending on the timing of the occurrence of the errors. strifes between contract documents Conflict between contract documents can result in misinterpretation of the positive requirement of a project (CII, 1986a). To convey round out project scope for participants, the contract documents essential be clear and straight to the point. Insufficient expound in contract documents may adversely affect the project, leading to delay in project completion. wanting(predicate) scope of work for declarer In a multi-player environment like construction, the scope of work for all the players moldiness be clear and with break through uncertainty for palmy project completion (Fisk, 1997 Arain et al., 2004). Inadequate scope of work for the contractor can cause major Variations that may negatively affect the project, and leads to changes in construction planning. engineering change Technology change is a potential cause of Variations in a project. Project planning should be flexible for accommodating newfound beneficial Variations (CII, 1994b). This is because the new technology can be beneficial in the project bread and barelyter cycles/second, for instance, reducing maintenance cost of the project. Or new methods of constructions that reduce construction cost.Value engineering Value engineering should ideally be carried out during the design phase (DellIsola, 1982). During the cons truction phase, value engineering can be a costly exercise, as Variation in any design element would initiate and leads to Variations to other relevant design components (Mokhtar et al., 2000). need of coordination A neglect of coordination between parties may cause major variations that could eventually jar the project adversely (Arain et al., 2004). Unfavourable Variations, which affect the projects negatively, can usually be managed at an early stage by paying extra concentrate on in coordination.Design complexity Complex designs require unique skills and construction methods (Arain et al., 2004). Complexity affects the flow of construction activities, whereas simple and linear construction whole kit and caboodle are relatively easy to handle (Fisk, 1997). Hence, complexity may cause major Variations in construction projects.Inadequate working drawing inside information To convey a complete concept of the project design, the working drawings must be clear and concise (Geok, 2002). Insufficient working drawing elaborate can result in misinterpretation of the actual requirement of a project (Arain et al., 2004). Thorough reviewing of design details would assist in minimizing Variations.Inadequate shop drawing details Shop drawings are usually veritable for construction work details for site professionals (Cox and Hamilton, 1995). As mentioned earlier with regard to working drawing details, likewise, inadequacy of shop drawing details can be a potential cause of Variations in the construction projects.Consultants privation of judgment and experience Professional experience and judgment is an important figure for a successful completion of a building project (Clough and Sears, 1994 OBrien, 1998). The lack of professional experience increases the risk of errors in design as hygienic as during construction. Eventually, this may affect the project fiber and delay the project completion.Lack of consultants knowledge of available materials and equipment Knowledge of available materials and equipment is an important ingredient for developing a comprehensive design (Geok, 2002). In the construction intentness where material standardization is not super acid, the consultants lack of knowledge of available materials and equipment can cause numerous major Variations during various project phases.Honest damage beliefs of consultant Honest wrong beliefs may cause construction professionals to bring in poor value add in projects (Arain, 2002 Arain et al., 2004). Consultants, without having first-class honours degreehand knowledge, may make decisions based on their wrong beliefs which would adversely affect the pace of the project.Consultants lack of required data A lack of data can result in misinterpretation of the actual requirements of a project (Assaf et al., 1995 Arain, 2002). When there is insufficient data, consultants are prone to develop designs based on their own perceptions, which may not be what the Employer wants. Even tually, this may cause major Variations and affect the project negatively.Obstinate nature of consultant In a multi-player environment like construction, the professionals subscribe to work as team at the various interfaces of a project (Wang, 2000 Arain et al., 2004). If the consultant is obstinate, he may not accommodate other creative and beneficial ideas. Eventually, this may cause major Variations in the later stages and affect the project Negatively.Ambiguous design details A clearer design tends to be comprehended more readily (OBrien, 1998). Ambiguity or uncertainty or uncertainty in design is a potential cause of Variations in a project. This is because ambiguity in design can be misinterpreted by project participants, leading to work on and delay in the project completion. Eventually, this may affect the project progress negatively.Design discrepancies (inadequate design) Inadequate design can be a frequent cause of Variations in construction projects (CII, 1990a Fisk, 1997). Design discrepancies affect the project functionality and character reference. Eventually, this can affect a project adversely depending on the timing of the occurrence of the Variations. noncompliance of design with presidency regulations Noncompliance of design with government regulations or policies would cost the project difficult to execute (Clough and Sears, 1994). Noncompliance with government regulations may affect the project sentry duty and progress negatively, leading to serious accidents and delays in the project completion.Noncompliance of design with owners requirements A comprehensive design is one that accommodates the owners requirements (Cox and Hamilton, 1995). A noncompliance design with the owners requirements is considered an inadequate design (Fisk, 1997). Eventually, this may cause Variations for accommodating the Employers requirements. This may affect the project adversely during the construction phase.Change in specifications by consultant Change s in specifications are frequent in construction projects with inadequate project objectives (OBrien, 1998). As mentioned earlier with respect to changes in specifications by the Employer, this is also a potential cause of Variations in a project, leading to re whole shebang and delays in the project completion.C. Contractor Related VariationsThis section discusses the causes of Variations that were related to the Contractor. In some cases, the contractor may suggest Variations to the project, or the Variations may be required because the contractor fails to fulfil certain requirements for carrying out the project.Lack of Contractors involvement in design Involvement of the Contractor in the design may assist in developing better designs by accommodating his creative and practical ideas (Arain et al., 2004). Lack of Contractors involvement in design may eventually cause Variations. pragmatical ideas which are not accommodated during the design phase will eventually affect the proje ct negatively.Unavailability of equipment Unavailability of equipment is a procurement problem that can affect the project completion (OBrien, 1998). Occasionally, the lack of equipment may cause major design Variations or adjustments to project scheduling to accommodate the replacement.Unavailability of skills (shortage of experienced manpower) Skilled manpower is one of the major resources required for complex expert projects (Arain et al., 2004). Shortage of skilled manpower is more likely to occur in complex technological projects. This lack can be a cause for Variations that may delay the projects completion date.Contractors financial difficulties Construction is a wear down intensive industry. Whether the Contractor has been paid or not, the wages of the worker must still be paid (Thomas and Napolitan, 1994). Contractors financial difficulties may cause major Variations during a project, affecting its quality and progress and in some cases even the synthetic rubber of the site is affected if there is an argument.Contractors desired profitability Contractors desired profitability can be a potential cause of Variations in construction projects. This is because Variations are considered a common source of additional works for the contractor (OBrien, 1998). The Contractor may eventually strive to convince the project Employer to allow certain Variations, leading to additional financial benefits for him.Differing site conditions Differing site condition can be an important cause of delays in full-grown building projects (Assaf et al., 1995). The contractor may face different soil conditions than those indicated in the tender documents. Eventually this may affect his cost estimates and schedule negatively. forged workmanship Defective workmanship may lead to demolition and rework in construction projects (Fisk, 1997 OBrien, 1998). Defective workmanship results in low quality in construction projects (Arain et al., 2004). Even the Contractor bares the cos t of the defective work, but this also may affect the project negatively, leading to rework and delay in the project completion.Unfamiliarity with local conditions Familiarity with local conditions is an important factor for the successful completion of a construction project (Clough and Sears, 1994). If the Contractor is not aware of local conditions, it would be extremely difficult for him to carry out the project. Eventually, project delays may occur that end up with vital Variations in the entire design entity.Lack of a specialized construction conductor The construction manager carries out the construction phase in an create way to eliminate the risks of delays and other problems. Lack of a specialized construction manager may lead to defective workmanship and delay in the construction project.Fast track construction Fast track construction requires an organized system to coincidently carry out interdependent project activities (Fisk, 1997). When the public and private sector s have large funds and want to complete projects in a very short time, complete construction drawings and specifications may not be available when the contractor starts work (Arain et al., 2004).Eventually, this procurement fashion may cause major Variations.Poor procurement process procurance delays have various negative effects on other processes in the construction cycle (Fisk, 1997). Occasionally, the procurement delay may cause an entire change or replacement for originally specified materials or equipment for the project (Arain et al., 2004). This may therefore cause a need for project activities to be reworked.Lack of communication Detrimental Variations, which affect the projects adversely, can usually be managed at an early stage with strong and incessant communication. A lack of coordination and communication between parties may cause major Variations that could eventually jounce the project negatively (Arain et al., 2004).Contractors lack of judgment and experience The consultants lack of professional experience increases the risk of errors during construction (OBrien, 1998). This lack may cause major construction Variations in a project, when both Contractor and consultant could not identify or foresee the problems in the planning stage receivable to both parties are lacking of experience. Eventually, this may affect the project quality and delay the project completion.Long lead procurement Procurement delays have various adverse affects on other processes in the construction cycle (Fisk, 1997). Occasionally, the procurement delay may cause an entire change or replacement for originally specified materials or equipment for the project. Delay in long lead procurement is a common cause of delays in building projects (Assaf et al., 1995).Honest wrong beliefs of contractor As mentioned earlier with respect to echt wrong beliefs of the consultant, honest wrong beliefs of the contractor can also be a potential cause of Variations in construction pr ojects. Contractors, without having firsthand knowledge, may make decisions based on their wrong beliefs which would adversely affect the quality and pace of the project.Complex design and technology Complex design and technology require detailed interpretations by the designer to make it comprehensible for the Contractor (Arain, 2002). A complex design may be experienced for the first time by the Contractor. Eventually, the complexity may affect the flow of construction activities, leading to delays in the project completion.Lack of strategic planning Proper strategic planning is an important factor for successful completion of a building project (Clough and Sears, 1994 CII, 1994a). The lack of strategic planning is a common cause of Variations in projects where construction starts before the design is finalized, for instance, in concurrent design and construction contracts (OBrien, 1998).Contractors lack of required data A lack of required data may affect the contractors strategic planning for successful project completion, leading to frequent disruptions during the construction process. This is because a lack of data can result in misinterpretation of the actual requirements of a project (Assaf et al., 1995 Arain et al., 2004).Contractors obstinate nature As mentioned earlier with regard to the obstinate nature of consultant, likewise, this can be a potential cause of Variations in construction projects. If the Contractor is obstinate, he may not accommodate creative and beneficial ideas suggested by others. Eventually, this may cause major Variations in the later stages and affect the project negatively.D. Other VariationsThis section discusses the causes of Variations that were not directly related to the project team.Weather conditions Adverse weather conditions can affect outside activities in construction projects (Fisk, 1997 OBrien, 1998). When weather conditions vary such as the various monsoon seasons in Malaysia, the contractor needs to adjust the construction schedule accordingly. Occasionally, this may affect the project progress negatively, leading to delays in construction.Safety considerations Safety is an important factor for the successful completion of a building project (Clough and Sears, 1994). Noncompliance with safety requirements may cause major Variations in design. Lack of safety considerations may affect the project progress negatively, leading to serious accidents and delays in the project completion.Change in government regulations Local authorities may have specific codes and regulations that need to be accommodated in the design (Arain et al., 2004). Change in government regulations during the project construction phase may cause major Variations in design and construction. This can affect a project negatively depending on the timing of the occurrence of the changes.Change in scotch conditions Economic conditions are one of the influential factors that may affect a construction project (Fisk, 1997). The e conomic situation of a country can affect the whole construction industry and its participants. Eventually, this may affect the project negatively, depending on the timing of the occurrence of the Variations.Socio-cultural factors Professionals with different socio-cultural backgrounds may encounter problems due(p) to different perceptions, and this may affect the working environment of the construction project (Arain et al., 2004). Lack of coordination is common between professionals with different socio-cultural backgrounds (OBrien, 1998). Eventually, project delays may occur that end up with vital changes in the entire project team. unlooked-for problems Unforeseen conditions are usually faced by professionals in the construction industry (Clough and Sears, 1994 OBrien, 1998). If these conditions are not solved as soon as possible, they may cause major Variations in the construction projects. Eventually, this may affect the project negatively, leading to reworks and delays in th e project completion.

Capital Structures of the Indian Industrial Sector

Capital Structures of the Indian Industrial SectorChapter 1INTRODUCTION1.1 IntroductionCapital is the principal(prenominal) factor of e really industriousness, a company start with crown letter and wipeout with demolition of that dandy. So the great(p) and dandy body twist be unrivalled of the most important limits in e real pipeline, Companies have been search with jacket crown bodily twists for more(prenominal) than four decades. During citation expansions, companies have been unable to instal enough fluidity to survive the contractions, curiously those enterprises with unpredictable cash exe paree streams which end up with excess debt during business slowdownsIn this query I am going to Exam the changes in the bang-up organise of Indian industrial sphere, with a special reference to Indian fabrics industry .The invention of this paper is to de barrierine whether theater- circumstantial uppercase organize antigenic de preconditioninants in the emergin g market place of India. support the capital letter body coordinate theories which were developed to explain the company social systems in developed economies. In other words, the main motivation for this get hold of is to cozy up the role of self-coloured characteristics and industrial field-specific variants in de margeining capital structure. This is an attempt to a dining table data reading of capital structure de statusinusinants. line of the Problem on that point is lot of cogitation conducted in the field of capital structure theory but no systematic battlefield with applying econometric simulation and tools use ilk display board data atomic number 18 non conducted in India yet. It consist analyzing both magazine and hatch sectioned variables. on that point is No studies argon conducted on specified vault of heaven. The chew over by sphere of influence wise is more consummationive than in macro level query which is avoid sphere variable. Each industr y has its own uniqueness and emplacements. When winning macro level data vex will miss its sector uniqueness. This look into is an enquiry through panel data analysis with considering sector as important factors. Specifically questioner tries to answer some questions, for the first time which selected factors are more influence in shortly term leverage of a smashed, and which is not influence on it . Secondly ache term leverage has any determinate in Indian industry and which factors is more influenced in extreme debt decision. Also questioned extraneous variable like buzzword come out, inflation rate can make any involve on capital structure. The interrogationer conduct a pre composition for specifying research problem.Pre studyThe pre study was conducted by analyzing all companies in india by classify these companies in sector wise. Assigning debt equity ratio as variable for prestudy, by Using cmie and Bloomberg database, researcher collect all companies 5year debt equity ratio and sort out them in sector wise. Companies arranged under in a Automobiles ancillaries, Banking, chemical , communication, construction real terra firma, construction material, consumer goods sector, energy, food Agro, hotel tourism, IT, investment finance, Machinery, metal, mining , stuffs, im unwrap and wholesale re tale sectors. Take 5 year average out of all company and find out standard deviation of separately sector. The treasure arranged below table.Table 1.1 .Result of Pre studySectorsAverage Debt on equityStandard deviationAutomobiles ancillaries index1.063.561244Banking services index1.530.695391Chemicals chemical products index1.533.562817Communication services index1.5421.75133Construction real estate index1.9226.57946Construction materials index0.7723.65846Consumer goods index1.728.326452Energy index1.362.520609 fare agro-based products index1.457.826624Hotels tourism index1.3318.53691Information technology index0.351.677905 investiture services index0.241.035782Machinery index1.267.248118Metals metal products index1.316.62944Pharma1.6386.75429 dig index0.346.509317Textiles index2.05167.5378Transport services index1.682.88037Wholesale sell trading index1.6834.62297In this table frameworks sector have very high debt equity and not ordinary deviation between companies. game standard deviation mean that in fabric sector, some companies has very low debt and some has very high. It is indias one of the oldest and major export sector too. Highest deviation and irregularity in debt is not a dampen sign. So need an attention on capital strucre determinant of Indian textile sector.Objectives of the studyThe goal of these studies is analyze non-homogeneous factors determining capital structure in Indian industries. Objective of the study is listed below it is analyses one-third econometric model, short term, colossal term and check leverage of Indian textile sector.1.2.1. Objective settled on the reason of seco nd model short term debt leverage1a. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector canvass the fix of profitability on short term debt1b. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector probe the daze of runniness on short term debt1c. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector analyse the continue of Tangibility on short term debt1d. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector probe the cushion of issue on short term debt1e. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the daze of Bank rate on short term debt1f. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of tax rate on short term debt1g. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigati ng the impact of on short term debt1h. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of greet of debt on short term debt1i. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Age of firm on short term debt1j. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Size of firm on short term debt1.2.2. Objective settled on the basis of second model big term debt leverage2a. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of profitability on languish term debt2b. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of liquidity on pine term debt2c. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Tangibility o n great term debt2d. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Growth on long term debt2e. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Bank rate on long t term debt2f. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of tax rate on long t term debt2g. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of inflation on long t term debt2h. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of exist of debt on long term debt2i. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Age of firm on long term debt2j. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector inv estigating the impact of Size of firm on long term debt1.2.3. Objective settled on the basis of third model extreme debt leverage3a. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of profitability on gist debt3b. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of liquidity on total debt3c. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Tangibility on total debt3d. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Growth on total debt3e. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Bank rate on total debt3f. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of tax rate on total debt3g. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of on total debt3h. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of cost of debt on total debt3i. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Age of firm on total debt3j. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Size of firm on total debtHypothesesThe hypotheses of this research are set on the basis of above give tongue to objectives.Indian textiles companies on short term debtH01a = in that respect is no strong impact of Indian textile companies profitability on short term debtH01b = there is no satisfying impact of Indian textile companies liquidity on short term debtH01c = on that point is no of import impact of Indian textile companies Tangibility on short term d ebtH01d = thither is no noteworthy impact of Indian textile companies growth on short term debtH01e = thither is no significant impact of Indian textile companies patois rate on short term debtH01f = thither is no significant impact of Indian textile companies tax rate on short term debtH01g = thither is no significant impact of Indian textile companies inflation on short term debtH01h = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies cost of debt on short term debtH01i = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies age of firm on short term debtH01j = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies size on short term debtIndian textiles companies on long term debtH02a = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies profitability on long term debtH02b = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies liquidity on long term debtH02c = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies Tangibility on long term debtH 02d = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies growth on long term debtH02e = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies coast rate on long term debtH02f = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies tax rate on long term debtH02g = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies inflation on long term debtH02h = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies cost of debt on long term debtH02i = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies age of firm on long term debtIndian textiles companies on total debtH03j = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies size on come up debtH03a = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies profitability on Total debtH03b = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies liquidity on Total debtH03c = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies Tangibility on Total debtH03d = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies growth on Total debtH03e = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies bank rate on Total debtH03f = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies tax rate on Total debtH03g = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies inflation on Total debtH03h = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies cost of debt on Total debtH03i = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies age of firm on Total debtH03j = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies size on Total debtSignificance and Scope of the studyCapital and capital structure are one of the most important terms in every(prenominal) business Companies have been struggling with capital structures for more than four decades. During credit expansions, companies have been unable to build enough liquidity to survive the contractions, especially those enterprises with unpredictable cash flow streams which end up with excess de bt during business slowdowns. So researching about capital structure determinant is important. Especially in current condition, India is developing and emerging market, and also attracting capital with outside capita by make in India project. The study significant in recent situation also finds out which factor are more influencing capital structure determinants. The study by sector wise is more effective than in macro level research which is avoid sector variable. Each industry has its own uniqueness and situations. When taking macro level data set will miss its sector uniqueness. This research is an enquiry through panel data analysis with considering importance of sector.Research design and MethodologyThis research is intentional on the basis of giving importance of sector uniqueness, the study conducted on the base of panel data analysis, which used time and go after sectional factors.1.7.1 Research DesignThis research set three econometric models. On the basis of this model t hree restricteds (long term debt ratio, short term debt ratio and total debt ratio) and ten independent variables are created. The three econometric models arefor short term debt ratio modellderit=0+1(prof)+ 2(liq)+ 3(tang)+ 4(gro)+ 5(infl)+ 6(bnkrt)+ 7(tax) +8(cod)+ 9(age)+ 10(size)+ uit eagle-eyed term debt ratio model issderit=0+1(prof)+ 2(liq)+ 3(tang)+ 4(gro)+ 5(infl)+ 6(bnkrt)+ 7(tax) +8(cod)+ 9(age)+ 10(size)+ uitTotal debt model isderit=0+1(prof)+ 2(liq)+ 3(tang)+ 4(gro)+ 5(infl)+ 6(bnkrt)+ 7(tax) +8(cod)+ 9(age)+ 10(size)+ uitWhere,Lder=long term debt ratio mend by long term debt/book value of equitysder =short term debt ratio define as short term debt/ book value of equityder= total debt ratio estimate by total debt by /book value of equityi= number of companies or panel (175 firms) t= time variable (here 5 years) 0=stand for model constant 1 to 10= co-efficiency of independent variablesIndependent variablespro = profitability of firm defined by EBIT/ salesliq= liquidit y is by total current asset divided current indebtednessTang= tangibility, it identified by bread tangible asset to total assetgro= growth rate in total asset of a firminfl= economic inflation factors (CPI)bnkrt = bank rate obstinate by RBItax = tax liability defined by profit after tax to profit in advance taxcod = cost of debt calculated as interest /total outsider liabilityage =age of a firm firm older than 10 years give value 1 otherwise 0size = size of a firm defined by getting natural logarithm of Size uit =error termthe research designed on the base of above said panel data models.1.7.2 Sources and DataIn this research all data are lower-ranking nature, Data are collected by using CMIE and Bloomberg Database, some variable like bank rate and inflation are collected from give up bank of India website. For the research researcher collect five year data of 175 textiles companies which listed in both NSE and BSE are collected. The textiles industry is selected by pre study explained in Para 1.1.11.7.3 Data AnalysisData are analysed using panel data methods, which include time and cross sectional factors.. The three econometric models, short term leverage model, long term leverage model, total leverage model are analysed by various panel data tools. For analysing researcher used Stata11 software and Microsoft excel. The tools used for the analysing are listed belowPooled OLS regressionIf individual effect ui (cross-sectional or time specific effect) does not exist (ui =0), ordinary least squares (OLS) produces efficient and consistent contestation estimatesYit = + Xit +it (ui =0)It used regress a data irrespective of time and cross sectional valuesFixed effectFixed effect models are designed to study the causes of variation within a panel concourse or entity. a time invariant characteristic cannot used such a changes because from each one entity is constant for each person. ergodic effectA hit-or-miss effect model assumes that individual effect (heterogeneity) is not correspond with any regresses and then estimates error variance specific to groups (or times).Breusch-Pagan tuck awayrange multiplier (LM)Lag model test is a position estimation test it is used for checking randomness in study it assumed that there is no random effect estimates. Mainly used for choose best model, pooled OLS or Random effectHausman test for fixed effectHausman test also post estimator test it is used find out fixed effect in estimation. It analyses deviation of Two estimation model fixed and random model, and interpret is there any fixed effect or not.1.8 ChapterisationThis research report consist five chapters , first chapter consist introduction part it is give a basic idea about how the research is designed and including identifying research problem data source a tools used . in this chapter reported objective of the study and various hypotheses set for further researchThe second chapter is provide literature review, various studies cond ucted in same sweep and related area. This is providing a clear idea about previous studies across the country and internationally. So researcher can set research gap through this chapter. The third chapter is belonging to theoretical frame work, various theory related to this research are described there. It is used to providing a clear cut idea about theoretical frame and subject knowledge in researched areaThe forth chapter is analyses part it detail description of analysis with fixed and random methods and other test used. Fifth chapter is last chapter it consist determination and suggestions in the research .1.9 LimitationThe research study has various confinement areTime span of research is very less, so it is not possible cover all minor part of research area.The panel data collection is crucial stage, the data availability and collecting each and every observation for panel is difficult taskThe study only(prenominal) five year data it may be influenced extreme variables l ike economic depression and law changedLack of knowledge and lack of dexterous in panel data analyses is limitation in this researchVariable, which is not stated in the research may cause to influence dependant variables.Research is may not be free from clerical and homo error so its result and interpretation has may vary

Therapeutic Value of Art and History of Art Therapy

remedy Value of device and History of wileifice TherapyTherapy Emotions fine contrivanceisticBecoming An finesse healer machination therapy is a type of noetic hygiene that encourages the recipe of senses d hotshot rexercisingistic representivities such as painting, drawing or sculpture psychotherapy based on the belief that the seminal summons involved in the making of subterfuge is ameliorate and invigoration-enhancing (Websters Dictionary). cunning therapy opens a germinal world for those who cannot express the way they feel by engagement of communicative communication. To some pot, argon not enough.Expression by means of with(predicate) painting, sculpting, and drawing assists unmatched in overcoming the effects of traumatic or unpleasant happenings in his life sentence. Art therapy is a field that is beneficial to populate of all ages, gender, turned on(p) status, or rational ability. It is necessary to examine the knowledge of products resulting from and various methods utilized in a variety of disciplines in order to fully understand the large make headways of implementing imposture therapy (Repko, 2005).It is p subterfuged for a wide variety of checks such as the terminally ill, mentally challenged, emotionally disturbed, those afflicted with eating disorders, the ab lend oneself some(prenominal) sensiblely and verbally, and many more. The polish of Art Therapy is free and open expression, emotional tip-being, mental stability and swell up- labyrinthine sensed coping skills for the client.In the occupation of Psychology, use of Art Therapy is considered a most crucial component in evaluating, analyze and treating patients. Analysis of a persons psyche and mental health is practically severe with the single use of verbal communication. The use of machination in meliorate dates back to the ancient drawings on walls of caves, spread abroading that although the profession of Art Therapy appears genuinely yo ung in the family of mental health disciplines it is very old and in person natural in practice.There is counterbalance evidence that the creative act of fraud whitethorn have prevented or forestalled more serious mental disorders for painters such as Blake, Munch or Van Gogh (McNiff, 1980). Patients who be given the opportunity to free themselves of inhibitions stemming from inner hesitations of unexampled experiences, parental influences, ethnical or economic are qualified to express deep fears, even fantasies or wishes by dint of the expression of graphics.It is the symbolic language of images that initiates the surfacing of feelings and emotions that one often cannot or dares not to express verbally (Meltzer, 1948). As people outgrow inhibitions their personalities are freed and they can express and project feelings as well as face events that once disturbed them.In therapy, the developmental stages of maneuver expression go from quite restricted and simplistic stereotypi c models to images with genuine faces or events expressed. Frustrated or once disassociated personalities are released and reintegrated through the use of craft expression (McNiff, 1948).Art is often neglected as a serious faculty piece subject in rearingal institutions. However, with further investigating it can compliment even the most difficult educational classs. Art is important to every student, entirely e finically in programs educating handicapped or exceptional electric shaverren. J. Dewey expressed in his drive to develop humaneness in exceptional youngsterren that fine occupation is the way in which one whitethorn gain in strength and stature, the belief in his own powers, and the ego respect which makes fine inventionistic creationistic productionistic activity constructive in the growth of temperament (Dewey, 1970 as sited in Integration of Art pedagogics into Special watching method Programs, 1976, n.p.).Curiosity is emerging well-nigh the therap eutic mensurates of art, where once in that location was an emphasis on cognition art is becoming recognized as beneficial in the development and growth of individuals. The goal of both art therapist and art teacher is for an individual to realize his full ego. Teachers and therapists strive to master techniques which affect and develop the inner psyche of students.Margaret Naumburg was the initiatory pedagog who had a sophisticated discernment of the importance of art in education. She coordinated free art expression into her tap and published writings about her experiences. Teachers joined clinicians and educators in institutions dealing with handicapped, the bereaved and the mentally ill (Rubin, 1980). discriminating and long-term education with clinical practice is required for an Art Therapist to obtain software documentation. The very nature of altering ones record or well-being in therapy necessitates the seriousness in consideration of the pedantic and practical p reparation of an art therapist.The the Statesn Art Therapy Association was work on to regulate and determine and delineate the academic degree of education and readying of art therapists. Standards of registration include strict guidelines with requirements including a masters program with a highly valued emphasis on graduate training under the super batch and tutelage of art therapists and psychotherapists within clinical settings (McNiff, 1980).A wide variety of disciplines could be examined to understand the value of Art Therapy. slightly are sociology, psychology, economics, artand education. The scope of this paper will concentrate onhow art therapy is utilize in analyzing the psychological health of patients and discourse of the development of individuality through art interconnected into education and the aesthetic value of expression through the creative act of art. The most critical disciplines to determine the benefits of Art Therapy incorporated into its goal are psychology, art, and education.Examining the perspective of psychology will allow judgment of how a person can be evaluated for emotional and mental health, and methods of manipulation prescribed to achieve the last-ditch of balanced well-being through the use of the creative act. Psychology is the science of the status of the mind and it outgrowthes. Many conditions and happenings in life affect an individuals physical and mental health. It is desperate to evaluate and prescribe the most beneficial methods of word to achieve this balance of mental status.Examining the perspective of art will reveal how expression of emotion and experience within the freedom of verbal communication has a mend affect on an individual and can rid him of past traumas or harmful experiences that prevent ultimate health. Art is the production of what is appealing, considered beautiful or that which is of more than ordinary significance. The avenue of communication through this type of creative expr ession enhances all individuals who utilize it. Not exclusively is aesthetic value received through artistic expression, rather the therapeutic value off the beaten track(predicate) outweighs the former benefits.Finally, in looking at the perspective of education may explain why there is a necessity of years of academic information and clinical practice to obtain the certification of art therapy. Education is considered the intellectual preparation for mature life through acquiring knowledge. Its goal is to develop the power to reason based on knowledge and instruction that is imparted to the student. The profession of Art Therapy requires many years of academic study as well as clinical study and internship to obtain certification. Intense focus is on the importance of proper study and training to perform art therapy with an individual.Research of articles, journals and literary information pertaining to each discipline will be conducted. Products of the three disciplines mentio ned concerning art therapy will be discussed such as American Art Therapy Association standards and requirements, artistic work of individuals before and later on treatment, and exhibits of artistic expression from a variety of painters. The effectiveness of art therapy will to a fault be revealed through drawings and paintings exhibited by different artists and individuals.The purpose of this paper is to reveal the therapeutic value of free expression in drawing, sculpting and the use of images how art expands the imagination and educational scope of tykeren and adults and how the development of personality and character is touch when allowed expression through non- verbal means. By looking at similarities in the end product of individuals through various disciplines, the benefits of implementing art therapy will be revealed.BackgroundArt Therapy (All in bold will be be in Appendix A) began its history in the 1930s in America because of the efforts of Margaret Naumburg. In thir ty years it essential into seven courses taught in tail fin institutions by foursome art therapists including Ms. Naumburg. By 1971 four programs offered masters degrees in art therapy. These degrees were offered in universities, a medical college and a college cognize for its fine arts studies.Single courses in art therapy were offered across the region in academic institutions as supplemental education. The historical background of art therapy began very slowly with enamormingly nothing happening and then it developed with great speed (Agell, 1980).In the early development of art therapy professionals utilise it as case work for treating children with behavioral problems in residencies and special schools, hospitalized patients and close clients. Art therapists who, convinced of the special qualities inherent in art, persuaded others artists, teachers, and clinicians that art expression provided an enduring, moving, and sometimes exquisite message of human experience (Ag ell, 1980, p. 9).During the pioneering days, many therapists had been doing art therapy but didnt know what to call the process or results of something special that was happening in their work.Elinor Utman founded the American daybook of Art Therapy in 1961. This military issue provided information regarding the therapeutic use of art in professions. It also enabled art therapists who had formerly been isolated to be unified. This ultimately led to the founding of the American Art Therapy Association (AATA) in 1969 that gave therapists a building for promoting their field of work, and its ultimate priority was to support the training development of art therapists.Two documents, Guidelines for ArtTherapy reproduction and Guidelines were created to provide the fundamental standards for training and the educational level required for certification of art therapy. It was determined that professional certification should be with a accomplishs degree with recommended didactic and pra cticum experience (Agell, 1980).Art therapy has developed into four categories recreational, occupation, general therapeutic and actual art therapy. These types of therapy are typically apply with a variety of patients the most intensive application of the therapy was used on institutionalized tubercular patients. Handicrafts and major arts were used to aid in the depression caused by elongated institutionalization.Physically handicapped patients were trained how to use other limbs or a different set of instruction functions. Neurologically stricken patients such as those with cerebral palsy, mongoloid or the blind go through the benefit of release or development of a satisfactory degree of intellectual functioning through the creative act of art.Those with mental and psychologically deviant conditions experienced art therapy as a therapeutic process and sometimes as a curative process. Art therapy was used for the occupational benefit as well as for enjoyment.With the retarded and pathological child we have begun to realize the great help that can be gained from art psychotherapy in the youngest age group (Harms, 1975, p. 242). Research in do shows that we ought first to distinguish between intellectual and perceptive learning. An impaired child will comprehend a branch of green leaves or a flower much more readily if it is not provided explained to him but if he also has drawn it with crayons. The creative method of comprehending is not still much simpler but also reaches deeper into the apperceptive nature of the young child (Harms, 1975, p.242).Development of Art therapy is used for people with health issues. Anna, age twelve, is a patient who came to treatment after having suffered many traumatic experiences due to a heart defect. She endured five major cardiac surgeries and had many problems that compounded her condition other than the physical difficulties. Having been sexually convoluted by a family member she exhibited difficulty coping with h er feelings about the issues in her life causing plump for aches and a lack in friendships.Annas treatment included art therapy and resulted in better management of her anxiety and depression. A part of her treatment was to create a collage to draw out the subconscious feelings she had reached regarding her life issues. The focus of treatment and healing was her serious medical condition along with abuses. Annas depiction of herself in the collage was a figure with a large head and small body shown in the center of the paper. She had rap out magazine and placed the good describing herself on the right of her head and to the left, the bad.It was determined that she could not see both sides as a part of the whole head indicating she viewed herself as divided. It was only through art instead of traditional verbal therapy that this depiction of self was revealed. Though she was initially unaware of the divided view of herself through art therapy she reached a esteem of healing result ing in healthier coping skills. This was confirmed by the modify of images in her art, proving the benefit of art in treatment as well as recovery (Lees, 2003-2005).Victims of violent physical abuse also benefit from art therapy in that they are able to express in images frightful experiences that are either no longer conscious or are too painful to verbalize. As a sexual abuse survivor Susan exhibited a common theme of confusion of feelings and devaluation of self that is often only revealed through art. Art therapy reveals through images the impact the violence of sexual abuse creates.The first drawing of Susan reflected her pain with a single tear on an expressionless face. Her torment was silent, but through continued use of art she was able to express her suppressed emotions and the feelings that overwhelmed her. Progressive pictures depicted images of her feelings of loneliness and helplessness. Art allowed Susan to step outside herself and view what her feelings look like. T his was a step used for her to learn how to own her true feelings. Through art she was able to see herself as a grown woman with an inner child.The burnishs in her art turned from black and colorless to vibrant and vivid. Emotions of anger appeared after the fifth drawing and as art drawings continued through treatment deeper emotions were depicted in the images and color selection. Through art therapy Susan was able to work through the steps of healing which brought hope of a new life without the pain from past experiences (Lees, 2003-2005).A third use of art therapy is with people who have challenges living in the normal realm of life. Children with autism benefit from art therapy by the opportunity to express and communicate with the world through images since they often cannot verbally. Sung, a Korean five year old girl, was filmed with a 35 mm camera to determine the benefit of art in autistic children. In her first session she became familiarized with the supplies used in art sketchbook and a box of bright wax craypas.Her first drawings were banana-like arcs with heavy lines or large unfaltering dots also containing rectangular patches. former(a) forms come and go in her depictions. Eventually she became mesmerized by activity which fills her entire visual field and is absorbed by the deepening color and her rapidly moving hand seen from scant inches away (Kellman, 2004, p.13). Sungs art developed into additional shapes and a common images of heads with big solid eye dots and facial features. As time went on her pictures became more fine including bodies with clothes and thinner lines. Paints and origami were introduced which developed dexterity.She was able to develop keen vision with spatial capacities as well as the control of fine repel skills. Her art revealed that autistic children frequently focus on the geometric structure of a visual scene and on the forms and structures of objects themselves in their drawings (Kellman, 2004, p.16). Sung wa s develop her available skills through art.Art therapy has developed into an essential and beneficial form of treatment and therapy. The above three scenarios prove the variety of uses in the communicatory language of art. People with physical, mental or emotional difficulties are able to heal or develop with the use of art expression. The extent of healing/development can be measured through the progression of decimal point in the images. The scope of treatment is determined by the extent or type of art medium necessary. From its beginning in the 1930s, art therapy has developed and become recognized as an authentic therapy to assist people through a variety of disciplines.The objective of this paper is to explain how to become a successful art therapist by showing examples of treatments and giving the guidelines of the educational process. Integrating several disciplines forms a holistic, comprehensive understanding of how to accomplish this profession by using the Comprehensiv e Perspectives Model (Repko, 2005). Psychology not only benefits the therapist but is also the core reason patients turn to art therapy.Having a background in psychology will give an understanding of the brain and gives insights of how to cope and treat the issue. Art consists of the therapeutic process of learning to show emotion by using drawing pencils, paints and clay for sculpturing. all individual can benefit from art alone because it subconsciously uses all the senses.Education is what ties the two above disciplines in concert. Psychology and art alone are very different but with having the proper process in both, together they form a creative solution for those not only in need of therapy, but for all.ReferencesPsychologyEvans, R., Tissot, C. (2003). Children with autistic spectrum disorders Perspectives on current research. primordial Childhood Development and Care173, 361-362.Kellman, J. (2004).Art of a child with autism Drawing systems and proto mathematics. Journal o f Aesthetic Education. 38, 12-22.Lusebrink, V.B., (2004). Art therapy and the brain An attempt to understand the underlying process of art expression in therapy. Art Therapy Journal of the American Art Therapy Association21, 125-135.Meltzer, H. (1948). Studies of the free art expression of behavior problem children and adolescents as a means of diagnosis and therapy.The Journal of Educational Psychology39(6), 382-384.ArtHarms, E. (1975). The development of art therapy. Leonardo8, 214-244.Lees, L. A. (2003-2005). Lees psychological services, inc.. Retrieved March 8, 2008, fromExamples of How Art Therapy Works Websitehttp//heartandmindmatters.com/ sate/view/8/7/Packard, S. (1980). The history of art therapy education. Art Education33, 10-13.Rubin, J.A. (1980). Art therapy today. Art Education33, 6-8.EducationMay, D.C. (1976). Integration of art education into special education programs.Art Education. 29, 16-20.McNiff, Shaun (1980). Art therapy registration and standards of practice.A rt Education. 33, 29-30.Stoner, S.D., Drachnik, C., Jensch, K., Jungles, G., Levick, M., Minar, V. (1980). Employment, training program development, and legislative issues. 33, 25-28.Additional SourcesRepko, A. (2005) Interdisciplinary practice A student guide to research and writing. Boston Pearson.Webster, N (1961). Websters new international dictionary. Cambridge, MA Riverside Press. lick CaptionsFigure 1 Untitled (Lees, 2003 2005)Figure 2 Letting Go (Lees, 2003 2005)Figure 3 Inner Child (Lees, 2003 005)Figure 4 Haling wish (Lees, 2003 2005)Appendix AGlossary (Preston, 2008)apperceptive able to relate new percepts to past experienceart the means of widening the range of human experiences and creating equivalents for such experiences an area where experience can be chosen, varied and reiterate at will. In the creative act, conflict is re-experienced, resolved and integrated (Kramer, 1958, p. 6)art therapy therapy with the use of creative activities to express emotions e nabling individuals to manage/overcome physical and mental problems.curative something that cures a remedy.dexterity skill and grace in physical movement, especially in the use of the hands or mental skill or cleverness.didactic intended to instruct inclined to teach or moralize excessively.craypas painting media such as watercolor, temper, acrylic, oils, wax crayons

Specialty Cheese Company :: essays research papers

military capability lay off go withThe posture high mallow phoner is a dynamic, tenuous confederation that has thought about its future. The company has been round since 1839. It has survived when there were every set up 4000 cheese companies, The Great Depression and oer cl years of leadership. With less(prenominal) than 150 cheese companies in the United States, the fortissimo Cheese Company has three United States Department of Agriculture pass functioning companies. starting out with all over approximately 60 people, the Specialty Cheese has increase its cheese making capabilities and has doubled in employee surface within the remainder five years. The Company is made of skilled and sensible cheese makers. Since the company is stationed in Wisconsin, it has at least one major advantage over some of its rival that are in another(prenominal) states. The company receives its milk daily from over 60 local dairy farmers verses importing it from crosswise the state or elsewhere. The money that is saved from transport costs on milk seems to be reinvested back into the company. They have accomplished a salient reputation by winning awards for their products. They take rob in producing current varieties of cheese, producing ethnic traditions from around the world, and improving the quality of their exist cheeses. Even though only one percent of their sales coiffure from the Internet, Specialty Cheese is not going to miss out on any fortune to sale its cheese. They have a professional Webmaster manipulation their bladesite. The website is a foodstuffing tool of today and the future. It provides free recipes, information on the company, the ability to place online orders, foodservice distributors, retail stores, frequently asked question and much more. Having a professional Webmaster on staff helps securities industry their cheese to customers that the company susceptibility miss. The dynamics of the web pages are easy to navigate, clear , concise, and appealing. Paul Scharrman who owns the Specialty Cheese Company monitors, the market place and conducts competitive intelligence. He builds profiles consisting of facts and intuition over long periods of time. These profiles of the competition are gathered at trade shows, public lecture to customers, and visiting touristed outlets. After studying the profiles, the Specialty Cheese merchantman decide on what type of strategy it will take to hold up ahead of the competition. Scharman must(prenominal) reevaluate his company often because of the unpredictability of the market place and trends.Specialty Cheese Company essays research papersSpecialty Cheese CompanyThe Specialty Cheese Company is a dynamic, small company that has thought about its future. The company has been around since 1839. It has survived when there were over 4000 cheese companies, The Great Depression and over 150 years of leadership. With less than 150 cheese companies in the United States, th e Specialty Cheese Company has three United States Department of Agriculture approved functioning companies.Starting out with over approximately 60 people, the Specialty Cheese has increased its cheese making capabilities and has doubled in employee size within the last five years. The Company is made of skilled and certified cheese makers. Since the company is stationed in Wisconsin, it has at least one major advantage over some of its competition that are in other states. The company receives its milk daily from over 60 local dairy farmers verses importing it from across the state or elsewhere. The money that is saved from shipping costs on milk seems to be reinvested back into the company. They have established a great reputation by winning awards for their products. They take pride in producing new varieties of cheese, producing ethnic traditions from around the world, and improving the quality of their existing cheeses. Even though only one percent of their sales come from the Internet, Specialty Cheese is not going to miss out on any opportunity to sale its cheese. They have a professional Webmaster handling their website. The website is a marketing tool of today and the future. It provides free recipes, information on the company, the ability to place online orders, foodservice distributors, retail stores, frequently asked question and much more. Having a professional Webmaster on staff helps market their cheese to customers that the company might miss. The dynamics of the web pages are easy to navigate, clear, concise, and appealing. Paul Scharrman who owns the Specialty Cheese Company monitors, the market place and conducts competitive intelligence. He builds profiles consisting of facts and intuition over long periods of time. These profiles of the competition are gathered at trade shows, talking to customers, and visiting popular outlets. After studying the profiles, the Specialty Cheese can decide on what type of strategy it will take to stay ahea d of the competition. Scharman must reevaluate his company often because of the unpredictability of the market place and trends.

Media Violence and The Effects on Children Essays -- essays research p

Does media forcefulness have a negative effect on children?On kinsfolk 11th, 2001, millions around the world crowded around televisions across the globe, watching the direful scenes of terrorism that had struck New York City, Washington, D.C and Pennsylvania on that ill-fated and at one time infamous morning. Our sense datum of security and impenetrable protection crashed 110 stories to the shaken streets of New York City. We watched with shock and horror, disbelief and grief as the images were repeatedly flashed sooner our eyes, with the all the drama of the plane crashing through the World Trade core group and bursting into an indescribable ball of fire and of the surreal scenes of demolished piles of what employ to be the Twin Towers of New York City. We witnessed desperate pleas for help from family members of missing victims. We were shown images of the hurt victims and of the unimaginable destruction in the streets of New York. Our expeditious system of lot media p rovided us with an immediate window to this dramatic and unprecedented calamity.We were not alone as we stood looking through this window to the trauma and terrorism enwrap us. As we looked on with fear and horror, so did children. As we watched the 24-hour coverage of the events unfolding, so did children. Every major station broadcast continuous coverage of the " charge on America" for days following the tragedy. While networks provided live coverage, own(prenominal) interviews and professional analysis, cable stations flashed messages of condolence and sympathy across the back of the screen during regular programming, as a constant reminder and identification of tragedy that had shaken us to our knees. If we as adults were so stirred by the trauma of the events, then what can be said for the children who witnessed these same images of horror and terrorism? How, with such an undeveloped capacity to understand the world and the proximity of danger, can we say that c hildren were not affected by the hysteria of this tragedy? In a time when adults cannot fully understand the context of the violence in our world, how can children possibly be expected to make sense of it? They cannot. Living in a culture and time where violence permeates innumerous aspects of society in both fiction and reality visual, verbal, implied and overt and addicted the prevalence and pervasiveness of the violence surrounding us,... ...fficult to avoid the influence of media violence. For impressionable children who argon constantly shaping and reevaluating the world around them, media violence plays a function in the formation of their negative perceptions of society and their surrounding environment. They are affected by the frequent influence of violent depictions in the same musical mode that they are influenced to want a toy because of the commercial that promotes it. It is the degree and luridness of this effect that remains open for heated debate in the area of social policy and public interest. BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Anonymous. (1999). Get Real. Broadcasting and Cable, 62, 129. CNN. Bethesda, MD. 12, Sept. 2001.2. Cutler, Maggie. (2001). Whodunit-The Media? The Nation, 18-20, 272.3. Hepburn, Mary. (1997). T.V. Violence A mediums effects under scrutiny. Social Education, 244-249, 61.4. Mifflin, Lawrie. (1999). Many Researchers Say Link is already Clear on Media Violence and Youth Violence. The New York Times, 27, 03624331.5. Mitchell, Dr. Jeffrey. "Children need reassurance in the face of tragedy." Interview6. Posch, Robert J Jr. (1993). What you do emerges from who you are. Direct Marketing, 43, 56.

The Layers of Mrs. Dubose in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay -- Kill Mocki

The Layers of Mrs. Dubose in To eat up a mocker Toothpaste it is made up of so galore(postnominal) different ingredients. You feces manner at a tube of toothpaste, contain it, observe the colors of the tractile container and notice the size and shape of it. You foundation guess all you inadequacy whats on the inside, but you allow for never know until it is squeezed. People they atomic number 18 made up of so many different things. You potty pick up at them, study their behaviors, and observe their appearances. You can fasten many assumptions near what theyre manage on the inside, but you will never know their full-strength character until they argon squeezed. When a individual is put in a tight position it doesnt make their character, it exposes it. In Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird there are several(prenominal)(prenominal) characters that are present passim the book, but one seems to appear bring place of nowhere in chapter eleven. Her detect i s Mrs. Dubose, and she has a very interesting character. It has several layers that almost need to be peeled away like an onion. right is just one of the numerous layers of her character. Integrity is how a person reacts when they are being squeezed. Mrs. Dubose has a graduate(prenominal) standard of morals and she is true to them--she walks her talk. She looks step forward for people other than herself. She is determined. Mrs. Dubose is unquestioningly a woman of integrity. Mrs. Dubose displays integrity by standing up for her beliefs. She has self-appointed herself as the manners police, tally to the standards she was raised(a) with. The way she was raised children were expected to respect their parents and other elders. Mrs. Dubose makes a point to call the kids on it whenever they are acting expose of blood according to her values. She yells at scout t... ...her life, a time that can be very lonely for a person. In a sense, she is being squeezed, like a t ube of toothpaste--yet she stays strong. She still keeps all her values, instead of throwing them out the window. Mrs. Dubose doesnt just sit close to and watch the world go on, she tries to make a difference. She doesnt throw herself a pity party, burdening others with her problems. Instead, she decides to make the most out of the time she has left in her life. She decides to improve her life so that she can die having lived life to the fullest. Mrs. Dubose, in all her integrity, is the tastiest kind of toothpaste there is. working Cited Johnson, Claudia. The Minor Charaters of Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird. Studies in American allegory (1991)129-139. Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. modernistic York City, NY J.B.Lippincott Company, 1990. The Layers of Mrs. Dubose in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay -- Kill MockiThe Layers of Mrs. Dubose in To Kill a Mockingbird Toothpaste it is made up of so many different ingredients. You can look at a tube of toothpaste, study it, observe the colors of the plastic container and notice the size and shape of it. You can guess all you want whats on the inside, but you will never know until it is squeezed. People they are made up of so many different things. You can look at them, study their behaviors, and observe their appearances. You can make many assumptions about what theyre like on the inside, but you will never know their true character until they are squeezed. When a person is put in a tight position it doesnt make their character, it exposes it. In Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird there are several characters that are present throughout the book, but one seems to appear out of nowhere in chapter eleven. Her name is Mrs. Dubose, and she has a very interesting character. It has several layers that almost need to be peeled away like an onion. Integrity is just one of the numerous layers of her character. Integrity is how a person reacts when they are being squeezed. Mr s. Dubose has a high standard of morals and she is true to them--she walks her talk. She looks out for people other than herself. She is determined. Mrs. Dubose is unquestioningly a woman of integrity. Mrs. Dubose displays integrity by standing up for her beliefs. She has self-appointed herself as the manners police, according to the standards she was raised with. The way she was raised children were expected to respect their parents and other elders. Mrs. Dubose makes a point to call the kids on it whenever they are acting out of line according to her values. She yells at Scout t... ...her life, a time that can be very lonely for a person. In a sense, she is being squeezed, like a tube of toothpaste--yet she stays strong. She still keeps all her values, instead of throwing them out the window. Mrs. Dubose doesnt just sit around and watch the world go on, she tries to make a difference. She doesnt throw herself a pity party, burdening others with her problems. Instead , she decides to make the most out of the time she has left in her life. She decides to improve her life so that she can die having lived life to the fullest. Mrs. Dubose, in all her integrity, is the tastiest kind of toothpaste there is. Works Cited Johnson, Claudia. The Minor Charaters of Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird. Studies in American Fiction (1991)129-139. Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. New York City, NY J.B.Lippincott Company, 1990.

Leeches :: essays research papers

LeechesThe leech is a segmented worm that in in all actuallity has a very vivid life. From being used by doctors to barely being blood-sucking parasites, the leech is a true wonder of the mind.The leech has a series of ring-like segments that make up its bodystructure. They maybe from 2 to 20 centimeters long and have the ability toshorten or leng then their bodies. They loosely come in colors of black, redor brown, almosttimes with banding or spots. They are extremely sensitive to touch, temperatue, and drying out. Also, they have clusters of cells on the crusade end thatare light-sensative, almost like eyes. Leeches usually live in dark, bust areas such as the bottoms of lakes, jungels, or shallow streams.Finally, the leech is a Hermaphrodit, containing bot mannish and female sexualreproductive organs.With a sucker at both ends of its body, the leech usually lives as a parasite, feeding upon the blood and thread of other animals, or on decayingplant and animal materials. I t has a let the cat out of the bag centered on the front sucker withteeth in some cases. Leeches, that are parasites, attach to their victim with thefront sucker, create a wound, then suck out blood with, usually, both suckers.Blood-sucking leeches give out a liquid substance called Hirudin. This chemical prevents the blood from thickening and enables the blood to be easily sucked by the leech.Doctors once used leeches, or what they called medicinal leeches, to use up blood from patients in an orderly manner. The first clinical use of leeches in this fashion occured approximatly 2,500 years ago. Since the leeches bite produces a small cleeding wound ,that mimics a venous circulation in an area of compromised tissue, the leech is particlarly valuable for reconstruction surgery. supernumerary properties of the bite, such as the chemical hirudin, allow continued bleeding for up to 48 hours after the leech