John Keats The Five Senses, Reality Departures, And Nature

â€Å"If Poetry comes not as naturally as Leaves to a tree it had better not come at all† (biography). John Keats was an English-born poet who was known for his sonnets, romances, and epics. He was a well-known romantic poet who was criticized because of his style of poetry. In his poems, Keats uses frequent themes such as death, the five senses, reality departures, and nature. As a romantic poet, John Keats uses imagery and emotion based themes as way to display his beliefs in his poetry. Born in London, England on October 31, 1795, Keats suffered a tragic childhood after he became an orphan at the age of eight. The death his father left him without a reliable mother because after her husband’s death, Keats’s mother remarried and spent the family’s money. Keats’s mother abandoned the family after her divorce. With no one to take care of them, Keats’s grandmother stepped up and took Keats and his three siblings into her home. Keats’s mother eventually returned home, but died from tuberculosis in 1810. During his time of abandonment, Keats turned to literature and was supported by his school’s headmaster, John Clarke. Keats eventually left his school, Enfield Academy, in order to pursue a career in medicine. After receiving his license in apothecary, he returned to literature because is medical career failed to take off. With the help of Leigh Hunt, Keats was able to publish some of his poetry. In 1817, Keats was able to publish his first book, Poems, with the help of some ofShow MoreRelated The Wind in the Willows: Kenneth Grahame and Neopaganism Essay examples3013 Words   |  13 Pagesbeauty of the English countryside--cultivated or wild, pastoral or primeval, it was an endless source of inspiration for eighteenth-century Romantic poets. Such notables as Wordsworth, Keats, and Shelley envisioned ancient and exotic Hellenic gods in familiar, typically British settings. Douglas Bush says of Keats, For hi m the common sights of Hampstead Heath could suggest how poets had first conceived of fauns and dryads, of Psyche and Pan and Narcissus and Endymion ( Pagan Myth 46). Later writersRead MoreA Short History of Nearly Everything6112 Words   |  25 Pageslike the alchemists of old, scientists have a regrettable tendency to vaile their secrets with mistie speech. Science, John Keats sulked, will clip an Angel s wings, / Conquer all mysteries by rule and line. Bryson turns this on its head by blaming the messenger rather than the message. Robbing nature of its mystery is what he thinks most science books do best. But, unlike Keats, he doesn t believe that this is at all necessary. We may be living in societies less ready to believe in magic, miraclesRead MoreA Short History of Nearly Everything6112 Words   |  25 Pageslike the alchemists of old, scientists have a regrettable tendency to vaile their secrets with mistie speech. Science, John Keats sulked, will clip an Angels wings, / C onquer all mysteries by rule and line. Bryson turns this on its head by blaming the messenger rather than the message. Robbing nature of its mystery is what he thinks most science books do best. But, unlike Keats, he doesnt believe that this is at all necessary. We may be living in societies less ready to believe in magic, miraclesRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pagesclasroom. So we set out to write an easily accessible explanation of the fascinating field of strategic management. Sure, some parts may appeal more to practitioners, while others may be more of interest to the academically inclined. This is in the nature of the beast. We did not set out to domesticate it but to make it friendly. We wanted readers from everywhere to join our safari. But at the same time we want to challenge you. We take risks and hope that they will invigorate you. For as we argueRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesMichael Bro mwich has certainly contributed in this way, advising accounting and competition regulators on complex issues and providing his own intellectual authority to the office of President of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants. One senses, however, that the British academic accounting community may be less able to fulfil these roles in the coming years. In part this reflects a more general decline in the academic world as falling relative salaries and status have reduced the intake

Classical and operant conditioning are two different ways...

Classical and operant conditioning are two different ways people learn things and develop certain behaviors. Phobias and addictions can be established from classical and operant conditioning. â€Å"In classical conditioning, an environmental stimulus leads to a learned response, through pairing of an unconditioned stimulus with a previously neutral conditioned stimulus. The result is a conditioned response, or learned reflex† (Kowalski Westen, 2011, â€Å"Learning†, p.167). Whereas in operative conditioning, the way an individual behaves is created by an environmental reaction. In this essay I will speak about how phobias can be developed through classical and operant conditioning, the differences between the two, consequences such as†¦show more content†¦The consequences of our behaviors will produce future behaviors. For instance, if a child reacts a certain way such as crying, throwing a fit, or being totally disrespectful after he or she is told no from th eir parent or legal guardian, and they get there way in the end, that child will repeat the same actions in order to get what they want the next time around. If there is no reinforcement the child will always react this way because of the desired response given. Future behaviors are reliant on the consequences from our actions. Classical and Operant conditioning have slight differences on what produces the response. An environmental stimulus will produce the response in classical conditioning such as the ant hill example above; on the other hand, behavior will produce the response in operative conditioning such as the example of the child’s behavior above. Future behaviors can be controlled through consequences such as punishment and reinforcement in operant conditioning. An example is that of the same child above; if a child is awarded for good behavior by receiving minutes on the phone or computer that child is more likely to try and listen to his or her parents. However if that same child was to act badly at home by throwing a fit or disrespecting others he or she would have an item taken away or grounded for an amount of time. The child may think twice next time about his or her actions to avoid the consequences. TheShow MoreRelatedClassical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning Essay1088 Words à ‚  |  5 Pages 1. a) Define Classical Conditioning and Behaviorism. b) Identify the two major characteristics that distinguish classical conditioning from operant conditioning. Classical Conditioning is a type of learning process of an individual when they come in contact with certain stimuli. 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Prenting Suicide in United Kingdom

Question: Describe about the Prenting Suicide in United Kingdom? Answer: It has been observed that over 90% of the populace who die by suicide suffers from a mental sickness. Aseltine and DeMartino (2014) have found in his research work that most common mental illness is depression and most of the times; untreated depression is counted one of the causes of depression. In England, one person dies every two hours by committing suicide. It is of no doubt to say that when an individual attempt suicide, the effect on the family and friends are devastating. Apart from friends and the family, many other related people who are associated with them for giving support, as well as care, face the impact and their life get affected profoundly. Therefore, it is no doubt to say that prevention of suicide is highly significant and integral part and thus, this section is required to be taken care off (Bagley 2011). World Health Organization has defined mental health as one of the states of the happiness in which a personage realizes his or her incapability to cope up with usual stress of life and thus want to end off their life. Berman et al. (2012) have opined that there are two types of suicidal tendencies and they are traditional suicide and assisted suicide. Farberow and Shneidman (2011) have said that the traditional death is referred to those persons who plan any self-destructive actions to finish life under immense pressure. On the other hand, assisted suicide is a process where a physician might help a terminally ill person to die, avoiding an immediate and inevitable as well as potentially painful decline. In this particular research work, the entire focus would be shed on preventing suicide in the United Kingdom. Reducing the risk of death in key high-risk groups: It has been seen that men are at three times greater risk than women and the suicide-prone men are aged fewer than 50. Reports have found out that man, aged 35-49 are presently the group with the highest suicide rate. Apart from this group, older men who are above 75 years as well have higher rates of death by suicide and that might reflect the impact of depression, social isolation, bereavement or any mental illness (Garland et al.2011). Garland and Zigler (2012) have successfully identified some of the factors that are solely associated with suicide in men and these are unemployment, family and the relationship problem, untreated, misuse of alcohol, marital breakup, divorce and low self-esteem. These indulge men in attempting suicide and these all parts are required to deal carefully to avoid death. However, suicides rates are seen as comparatively lower than the early 1990s and 2000s, but still this is one of the major concerns in the entire Europe (Garlow et al. 2012). Gloominess affects one in six women in Europe: It has been seen that depression is very common and frequent in the aged young people and this might be because of having an unceasing sickness and this increased the risk of having gloominess. Goldsmith et al. (2012) have stated that global data indicates that sadness caused an inferior decrement in the self-reported physical condition score than angina pectoris, arthritis, asthma and diabetes. Depression affects Europeans during peak earning years: Gunnell and Frankel (2014) have stated that depression causes illness in the developed countries because of the untimely commencement and unlike much physical confusion that takes into account later in their life. It has been seen that many countries in the Western Europe have understood that an ever increasing numbers of sickness spells and the early retirements because of mental disorder, especially depression. Two-thirds of the individuals with depression have reported severe interference with some normal function, considerably elevated quantity than the individuals with their constant bodily circumstances (Hawton and Van Heeringen 2011). Mann et al. (2015) have said that severe depression has always been one of the reasons people entrust suicide and this is often accompanied by an invasive sense of anguish along with the belief that runs away from the suffering is helpless. This pain of continuation is often become too much for the cruelly miserable populace to bear and thus, they select suicide as the way to relief from pain. Mann et al. (2015) have stated that malicious inner voices often control self-destruction for impenetrable reasons. Therefore, it can be said that psychosis is much harder to mask than hopelessness and questionably even more catastrophic. It can be indicated that untreated or poorly treated almost most of the times demands hospital admittance to a locked ward until the voices lose their commanding power. People become reckless often because of drugs and alcohol and some people become highly mawkish and impetuously attempt to end their own lives. Meltzer et al. (2013) have stated that substance abuse as well as fundamental reasons for it and usually one of the greater concerns in these people and should be well addressed as insistently as probable. Motto and Bostrom (2011) has said that the decision to entrust suicide for some is based on a rational conclusion and is often aggravated by the presence of a throbbing incurable sickness from which no hope of amnesty exists. These people try to take control of their destiny and assuage their own sufferings. It has been seen that these people are not miserable, psychotic, and over-sentimental, they target to take the power of their providence and lighten their own sufferings that habitually can be only done in bereavement. Prevention and treatment of depression in one of the greatest challenges in Europe: Isacsson (2014) has opined that hopelessness can be prevented and the emotional interferences for the people at risk of gloominess might decrease the possibility of expansion of a depressed person. Therefore, the government in different parts of Europe has incorporated some of the suicide and depression preventing programs to save the suicide prone people in Europe. Kreitman (2011) has opined that depression is a treatable turmoil and under-treatment is widespread in the United Kingdom. It has been stated that acknowledgment of sadness is not highly involved; however, under-recognition exists among the health care professionals. Therefore, it is no doubt to say that educational activities for health care proficients are highly essential. Reducing access to the means of suicide: Lloyd (2011) has stated that one of the most effectual means to put off suicide is to decrease access to the highly-lethality means of suicide. This is because sometimes people attempt suicide on impulsive and if the means are not easily available, the suicidal impulsive may pass. In this part, it is highly important to look at some of the methods that are most amendable to intervention and they have been mentioned here. Self-poisoning, hanging and strangulation in psychiatric inpatient as well as criminal justice settings are some of the widely used suicide methods. Lloyd (2011) has importantly mentioned in his research work that the media has one of the major roles to play in avoiding reporting as well as portraying any new high-lethality methods of suicide because this has the tendency to increase the number of fatal suicide attempts. However, it can be said that the internet is one of the ready sources that provide detailed information regarding the use of the deadly suicide efforts. It has been found that a considerable number of deaths still take place due to over consumption of paracetamol. In this regards, it can be said that intense importance is required to shed on prescribing some toxic drugs to the patients, as it has been identified one of the major reasons for a large number of suicides in the United Kingdom (Lloyd 2011). Understanding and preventing suicide: World Health Organization or WHO has estimated that near about 1 million people each year die from suicide and this is required to be prevented. Motto and Bostrom (2011) has demonstrated that suicide is one of the desperate attempts to escape sufferings that have become unbeatable. It has been seen that most of the people who talk about suicide do not try that and those who commit suicide give some clues or warning and thus it is required to focus on this part carefully. Therefore, it can be said that the best way to put off suicide is to efficiently distinguish these warnings signs and know well how to respond if one want to stop them. Rasic et al. (2012) have said that major warning signs for suicide take into account talking about killing or harming oneself, speaking as well as writing anything related to death, seeking out of the things that are used in the suicide attempt like weapons or drugs. Talking about suicide This is one of the initial stages and if a person is seen with this characteristics, must be dealt immediately to save that person from attempting suicide (Shaffer and Craft 2011) No hope for the future Feeling of hopelessness, helplessness and being badly trapped and a string belief that nothing is going to be better. This part is required to take care immediately in order to save the person from suicide Self-loathing, self-hatred The bad feeling of insignificance, fault, disgrace and self-hatred. Feeling of burden is another feeling that is required to deal immediately to save the suicide-prone person Saying goodbye Shaffer and Craft (2011) have reported that the persons who want to commit suicide pay unusual and unexpected visit or call to family and friends are required to deal seriously Withdrawing from others Gradual increase of social isolation, removing from the close friends and families is another major part; that is a strong sign of committing suicide Self-destructive behaviour Increased use of alcohol and drug, reckless driving, taking unnecessary risks are some of the prominent features of a suicide prone person Sudden sense of calm Shaffer and Craft (2011) have opined that an unexpected sense of peace and contentment after being extremely depressed can indicate that the person has made a conclusion to entrust suicide Adoption of the specific strategies: Shaffer et al. (2011) have said that there are several specific suicide prevention strategies available in the United Kingdom and these have been mentioned here. Assortment and training of a group of people, mainly volunteer inhabitant groups that offer secret recommendation services. Gradually endorsing mental pliability through optimism and connectedness Proper and enhanced knowledge about suicide, taking into account risk factors, warning signs as well as the availability of help Dropping the amount of dosages that are supplied in the packages of the non-prescription medicines such as aspirin Sinking domestic violence and substance abuse are long-term strategies in order to reduce several mental health problems. Interventions targeted at the high-risk groups (Shaffer et al. 2011). Proper research of the causes of suicide and further research work to prevent suicides Shaffer et al. (2011) have stated that it can be suggested that several news media can help put off suicide by connecting death with unenthusiastic results like soreness for suicide as well as the effect on the survivors. Trends of suicide in the elderly people: Many research works have found that the highest suicide rates of any age group take into account among the persons aged 65 years and older. One of the major contributing factors is a depression in the elderly that is undiagnosed as well as untreated. Taylor, Kingdom and Jenkins (2014) have found that some of the major factors for suicide in the older age takes into account are as follows: Recent death of the close and loved persons Physical illness, disability and pain Social isolation as well as loneliness Major changes in life like retirement, termination from job Lose of self-government (Vieland et al. 2011) Loss of a sense of purpose Therefore, it can be stated that these all are required to take care of sensitively for saving those suicide-prone persons and bring them back to the flow of normal life. In the United Kingdom, there are drug and talk therapies in order to prevent death. Both the government and non-voluntary groups are responsible for taking care of those persons who are prone to suicide. It can be said that suicide can be prevented and 10th September is World Suicide Prevention Day. The entire September month is dedicated to suicide prevention awareness in different parts of United Kingdom. Wasserman (2015) has said that it is impossible to guarantee that one will never get a mental illness, but there are several steps that improve the mental condition. It can be mentioned that suicide is one of the major gender issues and social inequality problem. This is a devastating event for the families and communities. Samaritans strategy is one of the positive approaches that has aimed to work together in order to reduce suicide in 2015 to 2021. Wasserman (2015) has said that reducing suicide clearly indicates reaching as many people as possible, who are at the risk of committing suicide. This can effectively help the life of many people, whose life are at risk and can be saved them from attempting suicide. Here, some of the recent trends have been described. There were 6708 suicides in both UK and Republic of Ireland in 2013 and it is recommended to check this huge number. In 2014, 6233 suicide cases were registered and this corresponds to a rate of 11.9%/100,000 and the government is required to introduce some of the effective strategies to deal with this number. Scotland and Northern Ireland demonstrates higher suicide rates in general for both the sex and the responsible government must shed focus on these parts (Wasserman 2015) It is required to provide suicide preventing training to various volunteer groups in UK Enhanced follow-up support for the people who have attained death and caused self-harm Provide large safety measures at the high-risk locations of suicide Wasserman (2015) has suggested local specialist suicide bereavement counselling is one of the important parts to reduce the rate of suicide. It is required to combat the stigma surrounding suicidal thoughts as well as behaviour along some other treatable factors that are solely linked to suicide links mental illness, substance abuse, domestic violence. These tends to create several negative outcomes and thus results in diminished opportunities for both employment and social relationship. Therefore, proper education and knowledge related to these issues are required to provide in order to combat with the situation (Wasserman 2015). Taylor, Kingdom and Jenkins (2014) have stated that another major part is to limit to the access to the suicide methods and make the rules and regulations so tight especially for them who are at the risk of death. It is important to strengthen the social support networks through community-based groups and several encouraging government programs. Taylor, Kingdom and Jenkins (2014) have stated that the National Offender Management Service of UK has a system that concentrates on monitoring all the deaths as well as some other incidents in the prison custody. It has been seen that many prisoners in the jail attempt suicide and this contributes in increasing the total number of deaths in the overall statistics. Apart from that, it can be seen that under the Police Reform Act of 2002 concentrates on England and New South Wales have statutory duty to refer to the IPCC and any other complaint or incidents that involve a death that has occurred during or following police contact (Wasserman 2015). Around 4400 people end their lives in England every year and that is one death every two hours and at least 10 times that number attempt suicide (Bagley 2011). Around 75% of suicidal incidents are men and in almost all cultures, the suicide rates largely rise with the rise of age. Taylor, Kingdom and Jenkins (2014) have suggested that it is important for both the government and the volunteers to enhance the research work on several suicide statistics and the methods of prevention in order to reduce the number of suicide attempts in the United Kingdom. From statistics, it has been found that suicide has remained one of the leading causes of death for both men and women in different parts of the United Kingdom. On the World Suicide Prevention Day, the government has announced its commitment to suicide by publishing a cross-government strategy for England. The government and the volunteer groups of the United Kingdom are well aware of the high suicide rates in the United Kingdom and thus they have been planning to adopt several strategies to reduce the numbers. It has been seen that due to several reasons, males are at high risk than females and clinical and social risk factors as well play major roles. References Aseltine Jr, R.H. and DeMartino, R., 2014. An outcome evaluation of the SOS suicide prevention program.American Journal of Public Health,94(3), pp.446-451. Bagley, C., 2011. The evaluation of a suicide prevention scheme by an ecological method.Social Science Medicine (1967),2(1), pp.1-14. Berman, A.L., Jobes, D.A. and Silverman, M.M., 2012.Adolescent Suicide: Assessment and intervention. American Psychological Association. Farberow, N.L. and Shneidman, E.S., 2011. The cry for help. London: SAGE Garland, A., Shaffer, D. and Whittle, B., 2011. A national survey of school-based, adolescent suicide prevention programs.Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry,28(6), pp.931-934. Garland, A.F. and Zigler, E., 2012. Adolescent suicide prevention: Current research and social policy implications.American Psychologist,48(2), p.169. Garlow, S.J., Rosenberg, J., Moore, J.D., Haas, A.P., Koestner, B., Hendin, H. and Nemeroff, C.B., 2012. Depression, desperation, and suicidal ideation in college students: results from the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention College Screening Project at Emory University.Depression and anxiety,25(6), pp.482-488. Goldsmith, S.K., Pellmar, T.C., Kleinman, A.M. and Bunney, W.E., 2012.Reducing suicide: a national imperative. National Academies Press. Goldston, D.B., Molock, S.D., Whitbeck, L.B., Murakami, J.L., Zayas, L.H. and Hall, G.C.N., 2012. Cultural considerations in adolescent suicide prevention and psychosocial treatment.American Psychologist,63(1), p.14. Gunnell, D. and Frankel, S., 2014. Prevention of suicide: aspirations and evidence.BMJ: British Medical Journal,308(6938), p.1227. Hawton, K. and Van Heeringen, K. eds., 2011.The international handbook of suicide and attempted suicide. John Wiley Sons. Hawton, K., 2014. A national target for reducing suicide: important for mental health strategy as well as for suicide prevention.British Medical Journal,317(7052), pp.156-158. Isacsson, G., 2014. Suicide preventiona medical breakthrough?.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,102(2), pp.113-117. Kreitman, N., 2011. The coal gas story. United Kingdom suicide rates, 1960-71.British journal of preventive social medicine,30(2), pp.86-93. Lloyd, C., 2011.Suicide and self-injury in prison: a literature review(pp. 20-24). HM Stationery Office. Mann, J.J., Apter, A., Bertolote, J., Beautrais, A., Currier, D., Haas, A., Hegerl, U., Lonnqvist, J., Malone, K., Marusic, A. and Mehlum, L., 2015. Suicide prevention strategies: a systematic review.Jama,294(16), pp.2064-2074. Meltzer, H.Y., Alphs, L., Green, A.I., Altamura, A.C., Anand, R., Bertoldi, A., Bourgeois, M., Chouinard, G., Islam, M.Z., Kane, J. and Krishnan, R., 2013. Clozapine treatment for suicidality in schizophrenia: international suicide prevention trial (InterSePT).Archives of general psychiatry,60(1), pp.82-91. Motto, J.A. and Bostrom, A.G., 2011. A randomized controlled trial of postcrisis suicide prevention.Psychiatric services. Rasic, D.T., Belik, S.L., Elias, B., Katz, L.Y., Enns, M., Sareen, J. and Team, S.C.S.P., 2012. Spirituality, religion and suicidal behavior in a nationally representative sample.Journal of affective disorders,114(1), pp.32-40. Shaffer, D. and Craft, L., 2011. Methods of adolescent suicide prevention.Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. Shaffer, D., Garland, A.N.N., Vieland, V., Underwood, M. and Busner, C., 2011. The impact of curriculum-based suicide prevention programs for teenagers.Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry,30(4), pp.588-596. Shaffer, D., Vieland, V., Garland, A., Rojas, M., Underwood, M. and Busner, C., 2011. Adolescent suicide attempters: response to suicide-prevention programs.Jama,264(24), pp.3151-3155. Taylor, S.J., Kingdom, D. and Jenkins, R., 2014. How are nations trying to prevent suicide? An analysis of national suicide prevention strategies.Acta psychiatrica scandinavica,95(6), pp.457-463. Vieland, V., Whittle, B., Garland, A., Hicks, R. and Shaffer, D., 2011. The impact of curriculum-based suicide prevention programs for teenagers: An 18-month follow-up.Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry,30(5), pp.811-815. Wasserman, D. ed., 2015.Suicide: an unnecessary death. Oxford University Press.

Medical Decision Making for Minors

Introduction The field of medicine is very sensitive and very critical in the lives of people around the world. Medical practitioners are supposed to uphold high standards of ethics in their practice. There are many areas in medicine that have received a lot of views, opinions and criticisms from stakeholders of whether their involvement in them is ethical.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Decision Making for Minors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, public debate on the medical issues happening has also intensified with different people airing their view point on the same. One of the critical areas is on the making of decisions pertaining to minors. Medical decision making concerning minors should be left in the hands of specialized practitioners. There are a number of ethical issues that arise in the medical decisions involving minors. These issues include the scope or the extent to which pare nts have authority over their children, autonomy for any of children to make their own decisions, and the extent to which state should be allowed to interfere or intervene with the decisions reached by parents (Rosato, 2008, p. 196). Even though these issues are often debated, there has been no clear consensus reached to revolve them. In general, parents are deemed to poses the right to provide care for their children and therefore, presumed to know what is best for their children. The society has entrusted the parents of minors with this authority to ensure that they provide care and any other material support for the minors. Therefore, the parents make decisions on the medical situation of their children. The federal and state have limited interference on the parents’ decisions except in circumstances where minors are subjected to harm, abuse or neglect. There are a number of medical concerns among children which requires making of decision by the parents. For instance, the case of transplant of kidney, separation of conjoined twins, gene therapy and sexual surgery on babies among many others need parent’s decision. Technological advancement has necessitated these surgeries raising the question on who has the mandate to make the final decisions about such medical complications and how the minors should be treated. For instance, in case parents object to such decisions, is it ethical for the doctors or the government to intervene and make the final decisions?Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To solve the stalemate, some federal governments have exemplicitly identified minors as vulnerable and therefore regulate the ways in which children are supposed to access to clinical services and protect them against any harm (Hickey, 2007, p. 100). In the approval of drugs that minor should use, these states provide incentives and guidelines to the man ufacturer to develop specific drugs that are suitable for the minors. Those that do not include children in their drug development are sometime penalized. Therefore, the government can make decisions that it deems right and ethical in protecting the lives of the minor. In some areas, medical decision making is guided by constitutional law. For instance, reproductive decision making is one of the areas that is constitutionalized at the federal level. This is also one of the areas that minor posses autonomy to make medical decisions (Rosato, 2008, p. 197). A good example is the case where a minor seek abortion. The minor is not allowed to seek the consent of their parents when the laws provide that the minor girl is mature enough to make decision about abortion and if the decision is in her best interest. Minor children lack appropriate skills; cognitive ability, experience and judgment to enable them govern themselves. As a precautionary measure, some laws have legislation to exempt children under the age of 12 years from making any medical decisions on their own (Engelmann, Heidi Keller, and Tanja, 2011, p. 242). That responsibility is left to the parents and their caretakers. Therefore, the right to refuse treatment and informed consent are rights that ate protected by states as they are constitutional rights. Minors who are granted permission to make medical decisions should be well informed before making such decisions (Rosato, 2008, p. 197). They have the right to refuse or accept the treatment since the law permits. The medical practitioners should provide all the necessary information that will be of helpful to the minors. By complying with the laws, they will be acting ethically and may not be blamed for any consequences that may result afterwards. However, in some occasion, parents acting as surrogates may provide an informed permission for any medical treatment. The child may assent to the decision whenever possible.Advertising We will write a cu stom essay sample on Medical Decision Making for Minors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though in some occasions minors are required to make medical decisions, the Freidman Ross model (1998) constrained parental autonomy recommends mitigation of parents and guardians in cases where there is disagreement between the decision of the minor concerning medical treatment (Gormley, and Campbell, 2011, p. 22). This is because parents have the legal and moral responsibility to ensure that the health status of their minors is sound. In case the minor refuses treatment, the model requires permission of long term autonomy instead of the cost of current autonomy. Minor should not look at the current status but consider the future consequences of refusing the treatment under their own conscience (Gormley, and Campbell, 2011, p. 22). Even though, some minors have the legal right of medical decision making, I tend to disagree with this. Minors lack experience and therefore, require the guidance of the parents in making decision on their medical. Parents have experience and may help in providing better decisions pertaining the medical conditions and even advising on the best medical alternatives. Despite ethics demanding respect of every person rights, minor’s right to medical decision should be limited to foster good medical care. As minors mature and develop, they become eligible, their mental ability expands and therefore, parents can gradually pass decision making on them (Gormley, and Campbell, 2011, p. 22). It is also the responsibility of the healthcare professional to be ethical in their profession. They should work close with the family members of the minors and provide good advice in order to ensure that minors make right decisions. The relationship between the doctors and minor also contributes a lot to the decision making of the minors. Therefore, health professionals should endeavor to promote positive relationship between them and the minor to make the minors make informed decision on their treatments. The health professional can also provide information and knowledge that can help in reaching consensus between the minors and their family on medical issues. Laws that permit minor to make decision pertaining to their health should also be cautious and strict to ensure that they do not make minors to refuse treatment. Minors which should be permitted must be proved to have developed their cognitive ability and able to make decisions that are informed. The fact that many minors at some point are resilience may contribute to making of wrong decisions (Gormley, and Campbell, 2011, p. 22). This topic is important as it will help parents, healthcare professional and minors to understand the legal requirements and uphold to ethical standards in their medical decision making. Minors, in some states have been permitted to make decision pertaining to medical while others have not. In my opi nion, there is more that needs to be done to ensure that minors are allowed to make decisions, and do so in a manner that promotes good health care.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even if every person has the right to make decisions on whether to seek treatment or not, states should intervene and provide best advice to ensure that ethics are upheld in the practice of medicine and the rights to access medical health are promoted. Minors lack experience and they should be guided by their parents and guardians and their health professionals. Laws that endeavor to protect minors from mistreat should be enacted to ensure that they are protected and given the desired services/treatment. Allowing minor to make medical decisions is a way of ensuring that the minor’s right to autonomy is respected. It is a good idea if minors are proved beyond any doubt that they have developed cognitive ability to make decisions on their own. The minors who demonstrate those experts should be the only ones allowed to make such decisions. The states should therefore come up with laws that helps in determining those minors that can be allowed to make decisions as this will ensur e that their rights are adhered to. The pros of involving the minor in medical decision is that it helps them to gradually understand how decisions are made and therefore helps in developing their mental skills as they grow. Therefore, when they are mature they will have developed their skills in decision making which will help them make appropriate decision in their lives. On the other hand, the cons of engaging minors in medical decision making process should be also given a lot of consideration. Minors that may be involved in the medical decision making my not be able to make correct judgment due to inadequate experience and information. Therefore, such minors are at a risk of accessing to preferred medical practitioners. Hence, parental guidance should be provided to ensure that such minors make the right judgment. In making medical decisions, consideration should be given to all the interests parties i.e. the parents, minors and the health professional. Autonomy, respect and pr ivacy should be upheld in the decision making process with the minors autonomy, self determination and best interests always being respected. In the hospital context, health professionals involved in a situation involving an issue with minors over treatment decisions should contact respectively manager in time. This will help such health providers to avoid any ethical issues or conflicts among them. The minors that meet the threshold of making decisions should be granted this right but, interventions by parents and health care professionals is necessary to ensure that medical ethics are maintained. References Engelmann, M., Heidi Keller, N., and Tanja, K. (2011). Medical decision making: Shared decision making in medicine: The influence of situational treatment factors, In Patient Education and Counseling. 82(2):240-246. Gormley, F., and Campbell, A. (2011). Factors involved in young people’s decisions about their health care. Nursing Children Young People, 23 (9):19-22. Hic key, K. (2007). Minor’s rights in medical decision making, JONA’s healthcare Law, Ethics, and Regulation, 9 (3): 100-104. Rosato, J. L. (2008). Foreword, Houston Journal of Health Law and Policy, 195-206. Retrieved from http://www.law.uh.edu/ This essay on Medical Decision Making for Minors was written and submitted by user Darwin Thompson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.