Hardness Removal Essay

88%. Total Hardness Percentage remotion = 100-84328*100=74. 39 % Calcium Percentage Removal = 100-59296*100=80. 06% atomic number 12 Percentage Removal = 100-2532*100=21. 88% ) How close did the treatment puzzle out come to reaching the practical limits of gracelessness reduction? Hardness remotion limits were not achieved. Calcium was reduced to a concentration of 59 mg/L versus the limit of 30 mg/L. And in the case of milligram the concentration was reduced to 25mg/L versus the limit of 10mg/L. Calcium percent engagement 30-5930=96. 66% (Absolute value) Magnesium percent difference 10-2510=150% (Absolute value) 4) How many metric function tons of Ca(OH)2 and NaCO3 are necessary to process 59 one million million million gallons of weewee per daytime based on the calculations of 1. a. and 1. b.?To run this water softening proficiency in a water plant processing 59 million gallons per day it would require 51 tons of Ca(OH)2 and 33 tons of NaCO3 2. 27*10-4kgL*223. 02*106L*(to n1000 kg)=51 tons of CaOH2 per day 1. 48*10-4kgL*223. 02*106L*(ton1000 kg)=33 tons of NaCO3 per day Discussion Hard water is an issue for industries that rely on hulking amounts of water to operate. Hardness generated by elements such as calcium and magnesium cat ions produce scum in pipes and with many industrial chemicals reduces their boilersuit effectiveness. That is why it is important to have economic and reli qualified ways of lessen water cogency in large scales.The accompaniment method employ in this experiment was lime soda softening. It has to be noted that this particular procedure only works for water that has an initial pH take lower than 8. entrap on stoichiometry and the addition rules according to Nazaroff and Alvarez-Cohen we are able to find what concentration of Ca(OH)2 and NaCO3 are needed to remove hardness from the water. Based on our results the softening of the water was a success. Initial total hardness was recorded at 328 mg/L, after softening the concentration was found to be 84 mg/L.Looking individually at the reduction of calcium and magnesium the concentration was reduced from 296 mg/L to 59 mg/L and 32 mg/L to 25 mg/L respectively. Even though a large amount of the hardness was removed from the water it was nowhere near the practical limit levels. This undersurface be attributed to the fact that the reactions that dictate hardness removal suffer from lessen returns. Sources of error in this lab can be attributed to the fact that the precedent water was only allowed to precipitate for 15 minutes instead of the 20 that was required as stated by the procedure.